A systematic review of hormone treatment for children with gender dysphoria and recommendations for research.

Aim: The aim of this systematic review was to assess the effects on psychosocial and mental health, cognition, body composition, and metabolic markers of hormone treatment in children with gender dysphoria.

Methods: Systematic review essentially follows PRISMA. We searched PubMed, EMBASE and thirteen other databases until 9 November 2021 for English-language studies of hormone therapy in children with gender dysphoria.

The Sävsjö-school-project: a cluster-randomized trial aimed at improving the literacy of beginners-achievements, mental health, school satisfaction and reading capacity at the end of grade three using an alternative school curriculum.

Background: A curriculum was planned using modern concepts based on the "old" principles to test if such an educational intervention provided pupils with good mental health and a solid basis for good reading and writing skills, as well as generated a positive attitude to learn. These "old" principles were based on previous knowledge derived from school psychiatry (which in Sweden was a branch of child and adolescent psychiatry 1915-1970), educational psychology and the educational approach from the differentiating Swedish School system of 1946-1970 (itself based on the principles of curative education "Heilpädagogie", which was later renamed mental health care).

Methods: All six available schools in the small Swedish city of Sävsjö participated in the study.

Innovations and changes in the ICD-11 classification of mental, behavioural and neurodevelopmental disorders.

Following approval of the ICD-11 by the World Health Assembly in May 2019, World Health Organization (WHO) member states will transition from the ICD-10 to the ICD-11, with reporting of health statistics based on the new system to begin on January 1, 2022. The WHO Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse will publish Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines (CDDG) for ICD-11 Mental, Behavioural and Neurodevelopmental Disorders following ICD-11's approval. The development of the ICD-11 CDDG over the past decade, based on the principles of clinical utility and global applicability, has been the most broadly international, multilingual, multidisciplinary and participative revision process ever implemented for a classification of mental disorders.

Children's abilities to communicate with both parents in infancy were related to their social competence at the age of 15.

Aim: Studies of children's early ability to communicate have mainly focused on mother-child dyads. That is why this study analysed the long-term effects of triadic interactions involving both parents.

Method: This prospective pilot study monitored child-mother-father communication in 19 families from the general population in Sweden using the standardised Lausanne Trilogue Play method in a video studio.

[Dramatic increase of gender dysphoria in youth].

Dramatic increase of gender dysphoria in youth In the past decade there has been a dramatic increase in the number of young people with gender dysphoria seeking help for gender-confirming medical interventions. From a situation of no more than a few patients annually, there were almost 200 referrals of gender dysphoria to the Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital in 2016. This child and adolescent psychiatric unit has the whole country as a catchment area for patients <16 years.

Relative Immaturity in Childhood and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms From Childhood to Early Adulthood: Exploring Genetic and Environmental Overlap Across Development.

Objective: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been linked to immaturity relative to peers in childhood, yet it is unclear how such immaturity is associated with ADHD across development. This longitudinal twin study examined the genetic and environmental contributions to the association between parents' perception of their child's immaturity relative to peers (RI) in childhood and ADHD symptoms across development.

Method: 1,302 twin pairs from the Swedish Twin Study of Child and Adolescent Development were followed prospectively from childhood to early adulthood.

Somatic symptoms and psychological concerns in a general adolescent population: Exploring the relevance of DSM-5 somatic symptom disorder.

Objective: DSM-5 somatic symptom disorder (SSD) constitutes a major change for psychosomatic medicine and psychiatry, as well as for epidemiological research in these fields. This study investigates somatic symptoms and psychological concerns among adolescents in order to systematically explore the relevance of SSD for general adolescent populations.

Methods: A cross-sectional population-based design, with a symptoms-based strategy and a symptom-and-psychological-concern-based strategy, was used to estimate the prevalence of somatic symptoms and psychological concerns in a general adolescent population (n=2476, mean age=16years, 49% boys, 51% girls).

Early interaction between infants and their parents predicts social competence at the age of four.

Aim: To investigate the impact that the interaction between first-born children and their parents, from the age of 3 months, has on peer and social competence when the children are 4 years of age.

Methods: Fifteen families were videotaped in Lausanne Trilogue Play situations (child-mother-father interactions), when the children were three, nine, 18 and 48 months of age. The findings were then related to peer and social competence assessments carried out by preschool teachers when the children were four.

Family psychosocial characteristics influencing criminal behaviour and mortality--possible mediating factors: a longitudinal study of male and female subjects in the Stockholm Birth Cohort.

Background: Family psychosocial characteristics in childhood have been associated with children's development into criminal behaviour and mortality. This study explored these possible relationships and examined alcohol and/or drug use and mental problems as possible mediating factors, highlighting gender-specific patterns.

Methods: Data from Swedish subjects born in 1953 (n = 14,294) from the Stockholm Birth Cohort study were examined.

Children with high and intermediate imperforate anus: their experiences of hospital care.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the experiences of children with high and intermediate imperforate anus (IA), and specifically their experiences of hospital care.

Methods: Twenty-five children born with high and intermediate IA participated; 9 boys and 16 girls. The mean age was 10.

A longitudinal follow-up of posttraumatic stress: from 9 months to 20 years after a major road traffic accident.

Background: Although road traffic accidents (RTA) are a major cause of injury and a cause of posttraumatic stress (PTS) in the aftermath, little is known about the long-term psychological effects of RTA.

Methods: This prospective longitudinal study assessed long-term PTS, grief, and general mental health after a bus carrying 23 sixth-grade schoolchildren crashed on a school outing and 12 children died. Directly affected (i.

Pathways to child and adolescent psychiatric clinics: a multilevel study of the significance of ethnicity and neighbourhood social characteristics on source of referral.

Background: In the Swedish society, as in many other societies, many children and adolescents with mental health problems do not receive the help they need. As the Swedish society becomes increasingly multicultural, and as ethnic and economic residential segregation become more pronounced, this study utilises ethnicity and neighbourhood context to examine referral pathways to child and adolescent psychiatric (CAP) clinics.

Methods: The analysis examines four different sources of referrals: family referrals, social/legal agency referrals, school referrals and health/mental health referrals.

Psychosocial experiences of parents of a child with imperforate anus.

Purpose: This study aims to examine the psychosocial experiences of parents of children with imperforate anus (IA) and to describe their potential positive experiences.

Design And Methods: Parents of IA children and a comparison group answered a questionnaire, which was analyzed quantitatively and with manifest content analysis.

Results: Social relationships and respect for the child's will were more affected among IA mothers.

Social issues among children with high or intermediate imperforate anus: a proxy perspective.

Problem: Children with imperforate anus (IA) may be psychosocially affected.

Methods: Parents of children with IA and parents in two comparison groups rated their children using a study-specific questionnaire and the Competence Scales in the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Teachers rated Academic and Adaptive Functioning Scales in the Teacher's Report Form (TRF).