Co-worker phubbing: A qualitative exploration of smartphone use during work breaks.

Introduction: The present study qualitatively explores co-worker "phubbing" (from "phone" and "snubbing") during communal work breaks. Phubbing, or ignoring others by paying attention to one's phone, has been linked to a range of negative interpersonal and intrapersonal outcomes. Although most research has targeted private relationships, there are indications that lateral work relationships may be similarly affected, with potential consequences at the individual, group, and organizational levels.

Communication modes with partially coherent fields.

We develop a theory for the description of partially coherent wave fields in linear optical systems in terms of the so-called communication modes. The communication modes are the singular functions and singular values of the appropriate propagation kernels. In particular, we show that optical fields of any state of coherence may be readily propagated through deterministic systems using the modal representation based on the system properties.

Communication modes in large-aperture approximation.

Simplified versions of the communication modes in the Fresnel domain are derived when the system apertures are large. The approximate modes, which are in the form of spherical waves and sinc functions with a spherical curvature, give physical insight into the communication modes approach and the basic limits of free-space optical communication systems. They also show that Gabor's information theory is readily derived from the communication modes.

Scanning optical near-field resolution analyzed in terms of communication modes.

We present an analysis of scanning near-field optical microscopy in terms of the so-called communication modes using scalar wave theory. We show that the number of connected modes increases when the scanning distance is decreased, but the number of modes decreases when the size of the scanning aperture is decreased. In the limit of small detector aperture the best-connected mode reduces effectively to the Green function, evaluated at the center of the scanning aperture.

Communication modes applied to axicons.

The communication modes, which constitute a convenient method for the propagation and information analysis of optical fields, are formulated in the generalized axicon geometry. The transmitting region is the axicon's annular aperture, and the observation domain is the optical axis containing the focal line segment. We show that in rotational symmetry one may employ the prolate spheroidal wave functions to represent the communication modes.