Policy and practice recommendations for services for disabled children during emergencies: Learning from COVID-19.

Aim: To seek consensus on recommendations for the delivery of services to disabled children in England during future emergencies.

Method: Candidate recommendations were drafted based on our related mapping review and qualitative research related to experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Iterative workshops with professionals and parent carers helped to refine the recommendations.

Professional perspectives on facilitators and barriers for high quality provision of health, education and social care services to disabled children in England during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study.

Objectives: To understand how health, education and social care services for disabled children changed during the COVID-19 pandemic, what did or did not work well and what the impacts of service changes were on both professionals and families.

Design: Qualitative study using semistructured interviews.

Setting: Telephone and video call interviews and focus groups with professionals working in one of five local authority areas in England.

Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in allergy: Targeting IgE, cytokine, and alarmin pathways.

The etiology of allergy is closely linked to type 2 inflammatory responses ultimately leading to the production of allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE), a key driver of many allergic conditions. At a high level, initial allergen exposure disrupts epithelial integrity, triggering local inflammation via alarmins including IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP, which activate type 2 innate lymphoid cells as well as other immune cells to secrete type 2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13, promoting Th2 cell development and eosinophil recruitment. Th2 cell dependent B cell activation promotes the production of allergen-specific IgE, which stably binds to basophils and mast cells.

Total Synthesis as Training for Medicinal Chemistry.

There is an ongoing debate about the best types of training in academia for practicing modern medicinal chemistry in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries of today. A case is made in this Viewpoint for the ongoing, and perhaps increasing, value of total synthesis as training for medicinal chemistry.

Assessing the Adequacy of the Physical, Social, and Attitudinal Environment to the Specific Needs of Young Adults With Cerebral Palsy: The European Adult Environment Questionnaire.

Objectives: To present the development of the European Adult Environment Questionnaire (EAEQ), to assess to what extent it covers the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), and to describe the adequacy of the physical, social, and attitudinal environment to the specific needs of young adults with cerebral palsy (CP).

Design: Cross-sectional.

Setting: Administrative regions in France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, and Sweden.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of school and cognitive function domains of health-related quality of life measures for children and young adults with congenital heart disease.

Background: Research on cognitive and school functioning domains of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) for children and adolescents with congenital heart disease (CHD) presents inconsistencies.

Objectives: To summarize and synthesize data on school and cognitive function domains of HRQOL for children and young people (CYP) with CHD.

Methods: Five electronic databases MEDLINE, Scopus, PsycINFO, EMBASE, ERI, and citations were systematically searched.

Impacts of health care service changes implemented due to COVID-19 on children and young people with long-term disability: A mapping review.

Aim: To identify the research on childhood disability service adaptations and their impact on children and young people with long-term disability during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Method: A mapping review was undertaken. We searched the World Health Organization Global COVID-19 database using the search terms 'children', 'chronic/disabling conditions', and 'services/therapies'.

Advancing cluster randomised trials in children's therapy: a survey of the acceptability of trial behaviours to therapists and parents.

Background: Randomised controlled trials of non-pharmacological interventions in children's therapy are rare. This is, in part, due to the challenges of the acceptability of common trial designs to therapists and service users. This study investigated the acceptability of participation in cluster randomised controlled trials to therapists and service users.

Psychometric properties of the Viking Speech Scale-Turkish version for children with cerebral palsy aged 4-18 years based on live and video-based observation.

Background: Speech is the most common method of communication. Video-based clinical communication evaluation is a requirement for children with speech-language impairments living in rural areas, and those who have limited mobility.

Aims: To determine the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Viking Speech Scale (VSS-T) via live and video-based observation for children with cerebral palsy (CP) aged 4-18 years.

Reliability and validity of the Dutch-language version of the Viking Speech Scale in children with cerebral palsy.

Purpose: The Viking Speech Scale is used to classify speech performance in children with cerebral palsy (CP). A Dutch-language version (VSS-NL) has recently become available. This study aimed to determine the reliability and validity of the VSS-NL and the association with motor type of CP, Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS), Manual Ability Classification System (MACS) and Communication Function Classification System (CFCS).

Developing the FEEDS toolkit of parent-delivered interventions for eating, drinking and swallowing difficulties in young children with neurodisability: findings from a Delphi survey and stakeholder consultation workshops.

Background: Young children with neurodisability commonly experience eating, drinking and swallowing difficulties (EDSD). Little is documented about which interventions and outcomes are most appropriate for such children. We aimed to seek consensus between parents of children with neurodisability and health professionals on the appropriate interventions and outcomes to inform future clinical developments and research studies.

School-based allied health interventions for children and young people affected by neurodisability: a systematic evidence map.

Purpose: To systematically map available evidence for school-based interventions led by allied health (i.e., occupational therapy, physiotherapy, and/or speech and language therapy).

Mini-EDACS: Development of the Eating and Drinking Ability Classification System for young children with cerebral palsy.

Aim: To develop and test Mini-EDACS to describe developing eating and drinking abilities of children with cerebral palsy (CP) aged between 18 and 36 months.

Method: The existing Eating and Drinking Ability Classification System (EDACS) was modified to define Mini-EDACS content. Mini-EDACS was developed in three stages: (1) EDACS was modified after application to videos of standardized feeding evaluations of children with CP aged 18 to 36 months (n = 130); (2) refined content and validity of Mini-EDACS was established through an international Delphi survey; (3) interobserver reliability was assessed by comparing Mini-EDACS levels assigned by speech and language therapists (SaLTs) from video data and parent report.

Directed evolution of and structural insights into antibody-mediated disruption of a stable receptor-ligand complex.

Antibody drugs exert therapeutic effects via a range of mechanisms, including competitive inhibition, allosteric modulation, and immune effector mechanisms. Facilitated dissociation is an additional mechanism where antibody-mediated "disruption" of stable high-affinity macromolecular complexes can potentially enhance therapeutic efficacy. However, this mechanism is not well understood or utilized therapeutically.

Determinants of participation and quality of life of young adults with cerebral palsy: longitudinal approach and comparison with the general population - SPARCLE 3 study protocol.

Background: Effective inclusion in society for young people with disabilities is increasingly seen as generating opportunities for self-development, and improving well-being. However, significant barriers remain in the vast majority of activities meaningful for young adults. Research argues that various personal (disabilities, health) and environmental (access to the resources needed, accessible environment, discrimination, lack of personal economic independence) factors contribute to limited participation.

How is adaptive potential distributed within species ranges?

Quantitative genetic variation (QGV) represents a major component of adaptive potential and, if reduced toward range-edge populations, could prevent a species' expansion or adaptive response to rapid ecological change. It has been hypothesized that QGV will be lower at the range edge due to small populations-often the result of poor habitat quality-and potentially decreased gene flow. However, whether central populations are higher in QGV is unknown.

Structure-guided design of ultrapotent disruptive IgE inhibitors to rapidly terminate acute allergic reactions.

Background: Anaphylaxis represents one of the most severe and fatal forms of allergic reactions. Like most other allergies, it is caused by activation of basophils and mast cells by allergen-mediated cross-linking of IgE bound to its high-affinity receptor, FcεRI, on the cell surface. The systemic release of soluble mediators induces an inflammatory cascade, rapidly causing symptoms with peak severity in minutes to hours after allergen exposure.

Social participation to support good mental health in neurodisability.

Background: Young people with neurodisability experience lower levels of mental wellbeing and are at increased risk of mental illness compared with their non-disabled peers. Social participation is recognized as a protective factor against mental illness and a potential pathway to support better mental wellbeing in neurodisability.

Method: This co-design study involved young people, parents and clinicians.