Both AOA and AOB contribute to nitrification and show linear correlation with nitrate leaching in purple soils with a wide nitrogen gradient.

Ammonia oxidizers play an important role in nitrification that forms nitrate, the main form of leaching nitrogen (N). However, little is known about how ammonia oxidizers bridge long-term N fertilization levels and soil nitrate leaching. We conducted a field experiment in purple soil, investigating the interactions among soil physico-chemical parameters, ammonia-oxidizing microbial communities, and N leaching under 0, 90, 180, 270, and 360 kg N ha yr fertilization levels.

Lithological Controls on Soil Aggregates and Minerals Regulate Microbial Carbon Use Efficiency and Necromass Stability.

Microbial carbon (C) use efficiency (CUE) drives soil C formation, while physical-chemical protection stabilizes subsequent microbial necromass, both shaped by soil aggregates and minerals. Soils inherit many properties from the parent material, yet the influence of lithology and associated soil geochemistry on microbial CUE and necromass stabilization remains unknow. Here, we quantified microbial CUE in well-aggregated bulk soils and crushed aggregates, as well as microbial necromass in bulk soils and the mineral-associated organic matter fraction, originating from carbonate-containing (karst) and carbonate-free (clastic rock, nonkarst) parent materials along a broad climatic gradient.

Plant diversity drives positive microbial associations in the rhizosphere enhancing carbon use efficiency in agricultural soils.

Expanding and intensifying agriculture has led to a loss of soil carbon. As agroecosystems cover over 40% of Earth's land surface, they must be part of the solution put in action to mitigate climate change. Development of efficient management practices to maximize soil carbon retention is currently limited, in part, by a poor understanding of how plants, which input carbon to soil, and microbes, which determine its fate there, interact.

[Abundance of denitrifying genes and their driving factors in soil under different land use types in the karst region of Northwest Guangxi].

To understand the role of denitrifying microbes during vegetation recovery in karst regions, we determined the basic physicochemical properties and abundance of denitrifying microbial functional genes (, , fungal , 450, and ) of 13 collected soil samples under three land use types (cropland, grassland, and plantation) in Northwest Guangxi, and investigated the changes in the abundance of denitrifying microbial functional genes and their driving factors. Results showed that soil pH, soil organic carbon, total nitrogen (TN), and exchangeable calcium (Ca) in plantation soil were significantly higher than those in cropland and grassland. The abundance of , , 450, and in plantation soil were significantly higher than those in cropland and grassland.

Addition of cellulose and hemicellulose degrading microorganisms intensified nitrous oxide emission during composting.

This study aims to clarify the mechanisms underlying effects of inoculating cellulose and hemicellulose-degrading microorganisms on nitrous oxide (NO) emissions during composting with silkworm excrement and mulberry branches. Inoculation with cellulose and hemicellulose-degrading microorganisms resulted in significant increases of total NO emission by 10.4 ± 2.

Tree species diversity increases soil microbial carbon use efficiency in a subtropical forest.

Plant communities strongly influence soil microbial communities and, in turn, soil carbon (C) cycling. Microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE) is an important parameter for predicting soil C accumulation, yet how plant and soil microbial community traits influence microbial CUE remains poorly understood. Here, we determined how soil microbial CUE is influenced by plant and soil microbial community traits, by studying a natural gradient of plant species diversity in a subtropical forest.

Mechanisms of mitigating nitrous oxide emission during composting by biochar and calcium carbonate addition.

To investigate the mechanisms underlying effects of biochar and calcium carbonate (CaCO) addition on nitrous oxide (NO) emissions during composting, this paper conducted a systematic study on mineral nitrogen (N), dissolved organic carbon (C) and N, sources of NO, and functional genes. Biochar and CaCO addition decreased NO emissions by 26.5-47.

Study on Properties and Micro-Mechanism of RHB-SBS Composite-Modified Asphalt.

Rice husk biochar (RHB) is a renewable agricultural waste, and its fixation on pavements helps develop environmentally friendly, economical, and sustainable asphalt pavements. This paper used RHB to replace part of styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) for the composite modification study of matrix asphalt. The high- and low-temperature properties and microscopic mechanisms of the composite-modified asphalt were studied through a series of tests.

Mechanisms underlying the responses of microbial carbon and nitrogen use efficiencies to nitrogen addition are mediated by topography in a subtropical forest.

Microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE) and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) are key parameters determining the fate of C and N in soils. Atmospheric N deposition has been found to heavily impact multiple soil C and N transformations, but we lack understanding of the responses of CUE and NUE to N deposition, and it remains uncertain whether responses may be mediated by topography. Here, a N addition experiment with three treatment levels (0, 50 and 100 kg N ha yr) was conducted in the valley and on the slope of a subtropical karst forest.

Synergistically mitigating nitric oxide emission by co-applications of biochar and nitrification inhibitor in a tropical agricultural soil.

Agricultural soils are the hotspots of nitric oxide (NO) emissions, which are related to atmospheric pollution and greenhouse effect. Biochar application has been recommended as an important countermeasure, however, its mitigation efficiency is limited as biochar, under certain conditions, can stimulate soil nitrification. Therefore, biochar co-applied with nitrification inhibitor could optimize the mitigation potential of biochar.

PINK1/Parkin-Mediated Mitophagy Plays a Protective Role in Albumin Overload-Induced Renal Tubular Cell Injury.

Background: Proteinuria is an important symptom of chronic kidney disease irrespective of its initial pathogenesis. Mitochondrial dysfunction is an early pathophysiological event in proteinuria-induced tubular damage. Mitophagy, the selective degradation of damaged mitochondria targeted by autophagy, contributes to mitochondrial homeostasis and is primarily regulated by the PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1)/Parkin pathway.

Biochar amendment mitigated NO emissions from paddy field during the wheat growing season.

Biochar may variably impact nitrogen (N) transformation and N-cycle-related microbial activities. Yet the mechanism of biochar amendment on nitrous oxide (NO) emissions from agricultural ecosystems remains unclear. Based on a 6-year long-term biochar amendment experiment, we applied a dual isotope (N-O) labeling technique with tracing transcriptional genes to differentiate the contribution of nitrifier nitrification (NN), nitrifier denitrification (ND), nitrification-coupled denitrification (NCD) and heterotrophic denitrification (HD) pathway to NO production.

Residual effects of four-year amendments of organic material on NO production driven by ammonia-oxidizing archaea and bacteria in a tropical vegetable soil.

Organic material (OM) applied to cropland not only enhances soil fertility but also profoundly affects soil nitrogen cycling. However, little is known about the relative contributions of soil ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) to nitrous oxide (NO) production during ammonia oxidation in response to the additions of diverse types of OMs in the tropical soil for vegetable production. Herein, the soils were sampled from a tropical vegetable field subjected to 4-year consecutive amendments of straw or manure.

Organic substitutions aggravated microbial nitrogen limitation and decreased nitrogen-cycling gene abundances in a three-year greenhouse vegetable field.

Partially substituting chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer has substantially changed the stoichiometric imbalances of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) between microbial communities and their available resources in agroecosystems. However, how organic substitution alters microbial nutrient limitation and then affects soil N cycle in intensive greenhouse vegetable ecosystem, remain unknown. Thus, we performed a three-year greenhouse vegetable field experiment in China with different fertilization strategies: no N fertilization, chemical N fertilization, and substituting 20% (1M4N) or 50% (1M1N) of chemical N with organic fertilizer (organic substitutions).

The effect of long-term biochar amendment on NO emissions: Experiments with N-O isotopes combined with specific inhibition approaches.

Numerous studies reporting a transient decrease in soil nitrous oxide (NO) emissions after biochar amendment have mainly used short-term experiments. Thus, long-term field trials are needed to clarify the actual impact of biochar on NO emissions and the underlying mechanisms. To address this, both a NO labeling technique and gene analyses were applied to investigate how NO production pathways and microbial mediation were affected by long term biochar amendment in field.

Spatial-heterogeneous granulation of organic amendments and chemical fertilizer stimulated NO emissions from agricultural soil: An microcosm study.

The promising application modes of organic fertilizer (OF) and chemical nitrogen (N) fertilizer (CF) could be the homogeneous granulation (HG: OF and CF are distributed spatially evenly) and spatial heterogeneous granulation (SG: OF and CF are distributed separately in space), where the N transformation processes, such as the nitrous oxide (NO) emissions, are greatly influenced by the spatial distribution of the OF and CF, particularly. Currently, there is a lack of in-depth understanding about the microbial mechanisms of the SG and HG application on NO emissions, and the related functional guilds (ammonia oxidizers and heterotrophic denitrifiers) respond to the granular fertilizer is yet not known. In the present study, we made CF (N-(NH)SO), cow compost and maize straw (2% or 8% based on the N proportion) into granular of 1 cm in diameter, in HG and SG forms, respectively, and then applied these granules in soils for 80 days incubation.

Temperature decouples ammonia and nitrite oxidation in greenhouse vegetable soils.

The influence of temperature on soil ammonia (NH) and nitrite (NO) oxidation and related NO accumulation in soils remain unclear. The soil potential NH oxidation (PAO) and NO oxidation (PNO) rates were evaluated over a temperature gradient of 5-45 °C in six greenhouse vegetable soils using inhibitors. The values of temperature sensitivity traits such as temperature minimum (T), temperature optimum (T), and maximum absolute temperature sensitivity (T) were also fitted to the square root growth (SQRT) and macromolecular rate theory (MMRT) models.

Biochar-enriched soil mitigated NO and NO emissions similarly as fresh biochar for wheat production.

Biochar amendment has been recommended as a potential strategy to mitigate nitrous oxide (NO) and nitric oxide (NO) emissions for wheat production, but its mechanism and effective duration are not well understood. The 1-octyne and 2-pheny l-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl 3-oxide (PTIO) in combination with potassium chlorate were used to evaluate the relative contribution of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA) to potential ammonia oxidation (PAO) and NO and NO production as affected by biochar. Acidic and alkaline soils were collected during wheat-growing season, and four treatments were installed in each soil type: CK, urea alone; BE, biochar-enriched soil for 2-6 years; FB, fresh biochar added to CK; and AB, aged biochar added to CK.

Aged biochar stimulated ammonia-oxidizing archaea and bacteria-derived NO and NO production in an acidic vegetable soil.

Both nitrous oxide (NO) and nitric oxide (NO) emissions are typically high in greenhouse-based high N input vegetable soils. Biochar amendment has been widely recommended for mitigating soil NO emissions in agriculture. However, knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms of fresh and aged biochar for both NO and NO production during ammonia oxidation is lacking.

Potential role of exosomes in the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of hypoxic diseases.

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that originate in the endosomal system. They perform important functions for cell-to-cell communication by transferring bioactive cargoes to recipient cells or activating signal transduction pathways in the target cells. Hypoxia is a severe cellular stress that can regulate the release of exosomes and change their contents.

Overdose fertilization induced ammonia-oxidizing archaea producing nitrous oxide in intensive vegetable fields.

Little is known about the effects of nitrogen (N) fertilization rates on ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and their differential contribution to nitrous oxide (NO) production, particularly in greenhouse based high N input vegetable soils. Six N treatments (N1, N2, N3, N4, N5 and N6 representing 0, 293, 587, 880, 1173 and 1760 kg N ha yr, respectively) were continuously managed for three years in a typically intensified vegetable field in China. The aerobic incubation experiment involving these field-treated soils was designed to evaluate the relative contributions of AOA and AOB to NO production by using acetylene or 1-octyne as inhibitors.

Field-aged biochar stimulated NO production from greenhouse vegetable production soils by nitrification and denitrification.

Evidence suggests that biochar is among ideal strategies for climate change mitigation and sustainable agriculture. However, the effects of soil aging on the physicochemical characteristics of biochar and nitrous oxide (NO) production remain elusive. We set up a microcosm experiment with two greenhouse vegetable production (GVP) (alkaline and acid) soils by using the N tracing technique and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to investigate the mechanisms of NO production as affected by fresh (FB) and aged biochar (AB) amendment.

Evaluation and simulation of nitrogen mineralization of paddy soils in Mollisols area of Northeast China under waterlogged incubation.

Background: Understanding the nitrogen (N) mineralization process and applying appropriate model simulation are key factors in evaluating N mineralization. However, there are few studies of the N mineralization characteristics of paddy soils in Mollisols area of Northeast China.

Materials And Methods: The soils were sampled from the counties of Qingan and Huachuan, which were located in Mollisols area of Northeast China.