VP3 protein of Senecavirus A promotes viral IRES-driven translation and attenuates innate immunity by specifically relocalizing hnRNPA2B1.

Unlabelled: Viruses deploy sophisticated strategies to hijack the host's translation machinery to favor viral protein synthesis and counteract innate cellular defenses. However, little is known about the mechanisms by which Senecavirus A (SVA) controls the host's translation. Using a series of sophisticated molecular cell manipulation techniques, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2B1 (hnRNPA2B1) was identified as an essential host factor involved in translation control in SVA-infected cells.

Virus-like Particle Vaccines of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Expressed in Are Highly Immunogenic and Protect against Virulent Strain.

Objectives: Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is a highly contagious, acutely infectious agent that causes immunosuppression in chickens. We expressed IBDV VP2 proteins in () to develop an effective virus-like-particles (VLPs) vaccine and evaluated its immunogenicity.

Methods: The VLPs produced in were used as an immunogen mixed with a water-in-mineral-oil adjuvant (Montanide ISA 71 VG, ISA 71 RVG) or a white oil (7#) adjuvant.

Bacteria-targeted delivery of black phosphorus quantum dots facilitates photothermal therapy against hypoxic tumors and complementary low-dose radiotherapy.

Many approaches have been employed to relieve hypoxia in solid tumors to enhance sensitivity to radiotherapy (RT), including O delivery or hydrogen peroxide (HO) decomposition strategies. To date, however, these modalities have been restricted by poor O loading, rapid O leakage, and limited endogenous HO levels. To overcome these limitations, we therefore sought to develop an effective approach for the oxygen-independent treatment of hypoxic tumors.

Identification of a Linear B Cell Epitope on p54 of African Swine Fever Virus Using Nanobodies as a Novel Tool.

African swine fever (ASF) has received great attention from the swine industry due to the pandemic and the lack of vaccines or effective treatments. In the present study, 13 African swine fever virus (ASFV) p54-specific nanobodies (Nbs) were successfully screened based on Bactrian camel immunization of p54 protein and phage display technology, and their reactivity with the p54 C-terminal domain (p54-CTD) was determined; however, only Nb8-horseradish peroxidase (Nb8-HRP) exhibited the best reactivity. Immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA) and immunofluorescence assay (IFA) results indicated that Nb8-HRP specifically reacted with ASFV-infected cells.

Identification of a linear B-cell epitope on the African swine fever virus CD2v protein.

African swine fever virus (ASFV) poses a serious threat to domestic pigs and wild boars, which is responsible for substantial production and economic losses. A dominant ASFV specific linear B cell epitope that reacted with the convalescent serum was explored and identified with the help of immune informatics techniques. It is essential in understanding the host immunity and in developing diagnostic technical guidelines and vaccine design.

Identification of Two Novel Linear B Cell Epitopes on the CD2v Protein of African Swine Fever Virus Using Monoclonal Antibodies.

African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a highly infectious viral pathogen that endangers the global pig industry, and no effective vaccine is available thus far. The CD2v protein is a glycoprotein on the outer envelope of ASFV, which mediates the transmission of the virus in the blood and recognition of the virus serotype, playing an important role in ASFV vaccine development and disease prevention. Here, we generated two specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), 6C11 and 8F12 (subtype IgG1/kappa-type), against the ASFV CD2v extracellular domain (CD2v-ex, GenBank: MK128995.

A Pyrazolate Osmium(VI) Nitride Exhibits Anticancer Activity through Modulating Protein Homeostasis in HepG2 Cells.

Interest in the third-row transition metal osmium and its compounds as potential anticancer agents has grown in recent years. Here, we synthesized the osmium(VI) nitrido complex (tpm = [5-(Thien-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methanol), which exhibited a greater inhibitory effect on the cell viabilities of the cervical, ovarian, and breast cancer cell lines compared with cisplatin. Proteomics analysis revealed that modulates the expression of protein-transportation-associated, DNA-metabolism-associated, and oxidative-stress-associated proteins in HepG2 cells.

Development of an indirect ELISA for the identification of African swine fever virus wild-type strains and CD2v-deleted strains.

African swine fever (ASF) is a potent infectious disease with detrimental effects on the global swine industry and no currently vaccine available. The emergence of low-virulence CD2v-deleted mutants manifested as non-hemadsorption (non-HAD) strains represents a significant challenge to the prevention and control of ASF. In this study, we aimed to establish an indirect ELISA (IELISA) method for the identification of ASFV wild-type and CD2v-deleted strains.

HRP-conjugated-nanobody-based cELISA for rapid and sensitive clinical detection of ASFV antibodies.

African swine fever (ASF), which is caused by the ASF virus (ASFV), is a highly contagious hemorrhagic disease that causes high mortality to domestic porcine and wild boars and brings huge economic losses to world swine industry. Due to the lack of an effective vaccine, the control of ASF must depend on early, efficient, and cost-effective detection and strict control and elimination strategies. Traditional serological testing methods are generally associated with high testing costs, complex operations, and high technical requirements.

Proteomic Investigation Reveals Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 5A Involvement in Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infection .

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), one of the most serious animal pathogens in the world, has caused enormous global swine industry losses. An in-depth investigation of the PRRSV-host interaction would be beneficial for preventing and controlling PRRSV infections and transmission. In this study, we performed label-free quantitative proteomic assays to investigate proteome dynamics of porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) during infection with highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) strain HN07-1.

Development of a Directly Visualized Recombinase Polymerase Amplification-SYBR Green I Method for the Rapid Detection of African Swine Fever Virus.

African swine fever (ASF) is a lethal disease in swine caused by etiologic African swine fever virus (ASFV). The global spread of ASFV has resulted in huge economic losses globally. In the absence of effective vaccines or drugs, pathogen surveillance has been the most important first-line intervention to prevent ASF outbreaks.

Interferon-Induced Transmembrane Protein 3 Is a Virus-Associated Protein Which Suppresses Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Replication by Blocking Viral Membrane Fusion.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection eliminates production of type I interferons (IFNs) in host cells, which triggers an antiviral immune response through the induction of downstream IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), thus escaping the fate of host-mediated clearance. The IFN-induced transmembrane 3 (IFITM3) has recently been identified as an ISG and plays a pivotal role against enveloped RNA viruses by restricting cell entry. However, the role of IFITM3 in PRRSV replication is unknown.

The Cytoprotective Enzyme Heme Oxygenase-1 Suppresses Pseudorabies Virus Replication .

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection brings about great economic losses to the swine industry worldwide, as there are currently no effective therapeutic agents or vaccines against this disease, and mutations in endemic wild virulent PRV strains result in immune failure of traditional vaccines. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) catalyzes the conversion of heme into biliverdin (BV), iron and carbon monoxide (CO), all of which have been demonstrated to protect cells from various stressors. However, the role of HO-1 in PRV replication remains unknown.

Molecular cloning and functional characterization of porcine 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1b and its effect on infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has previously been shown to increase porcine 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase (OAS) 1a expression, but the specific role of porcine OAS1b (pOAS1b) in PRRSV replication remains unknown. In this study, we conducted sequence analysis of the porcine OAS1b gene and studied the effects of its overexpression or silencing on PRRSV replication. OAS1b, localized mainly in the cytoplasm, was found to contain conserved protein domains, such as the P-Loop and D-Box, indicating that its nucleotidyl transferase activity was complete and the antiviral effect depended on ribonuclease L (RNase L).

Molecular Cloning and Identification of the 2'-5' Oligoadenylate Synthetase 2 Gene in Chinese Domestic Pigs Through Bioinformatics Analysis, and Determination of Its Antiviral Activity Against Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infection.

An interferon-mediated antiviral protein, 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase 2, plays an important role in the antiviral response of interferons. In this study, 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase 2 genes were cloned from Chinese domestic pigs. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the 2024-bp long open reading fame encodes 707 amino acids.

Trigger factor assisted self-assembly of canine parvovirus VP2 protein into virus-like particles in Escherichia coli with high immunogenicity.

Canine parvovirus (CPV) has been considered to be an important pathogen, which can cause acute infectious disease in canids. Although current vaccines are effective in preventing CPV infection, safety problems still remain unsolved. In this study, a subunit vaccine against CPV based on virus-like particles (VLPs) with good safety and immunogenicity is reported.

Porcine parvovirus capsid protein expressed in Escherichia coli self-assembles into virus-like particles with high immunogenicity in mice and guinea pigs.

Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is a causative agent of reproductive failure in pregnant sows. Classical inactivated vaccine is extensively used to control PPV infection, but problems concerning safety, such as incomplete inactivation may occur. In this study, a novel subunit vaccine against PPV based on virus-like particles (VLPs) formed from the complete PPV VP2 protein expressed in a prokaryotic system with co-expressed chaperones is reported.

Development of an immunochromatographic strip for detection of antibodies against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.

A simple and rapid immunochromatographic test strip incorporating a colloidal gold-labeled recombinant Nsp7 antigen probe was successfully developed for the detection of anti-porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) antibodies in swine. Recombinant Nsp7 protein of PRRSV labeled with colloidal gold was dispensed on a conjugate pad for use as the detector. Staphylococcal protein A and purified porcine anti-Nsp7 antibodies were blotted on a nitrocellulose membrane to form test and control lines, respectively.

Detection and phylogenetic analysis of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in central China based on the ORF3 gene and the S1 gene.

Background: Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) has increased in severity in China since 2010. To investigate further the infectivity, genetic diversity and molecular epidemiology of its causative agent, the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), we assessed 129 clinical samples, which were the intestinal tissue of piglets with severe diarrhea, from 17 cities in central China. Both the spike (S) glycoprotein (S1, 1-789 amino acids (aa)) and the full-length ORF3 gene of 21 representative field strains from 21 farms in 11 cities were sequenced and analysed.

Cloning and Characterization of the IgA Fc Receptor from Swine.

The myeloid-specific IgA Fc receptor (FcαR) is a cell surface molecule on immunocytes that provides a fundamental connection between humoral and cellular immunity. In this study, the full-length cDNA sequence of swine FcαRI (swFcαRI) was isolated and characterized and found to contain a 792-base-pair open reading frame, encoding a 264-amino-acid transmembrane glycoprotein with a predicted molecular mass of 29.4 kDa.

High level soluble expression and one-step purification of IBDV VP2 protein in Escherichia coli.

Objectives: To improve the expression of soluble IBDV VP2 protein by using different tagged vectors in Escherichia coli.

Results: Fusion tags, Grifin, MBP, SUMO, thioredoxin, γ-crystallin, ArsC and PpiB, enhanced the expression and solubility of VP2 protein. The fusion proteins were purified by Ni-NTA chromatography, MBP-VP2 showed the highest purity about 90 %.

GP5 expression in Marc-145 cells inhibits porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection by inducing beta interferon activity.

The major neutralizing epitope of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is mainly located on virus glycoprotein 5 (GP5). Immunization with exogenous GP5 or exposure to native GP5 by means of DNA immunization can provide some degree of immune protection to PRRSV infection in pigs. However, during PRRSV infection in pigs, the production of neutralization antibodies induced by GP5 is delayed or suppressed.