Retinal Vascular Imaging Markers and Incident Chronic Kidney Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Retinal microvascular changes indicating microvascular dysfunction have been shown to be associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in cross-sectional studies, but findings were mixed in prospective studies. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between retinal microvascular parameters and incident CKD in an Asian population. We examined 1256 Malay adults aged 40-80 years from the Singapore Malay Eye Study, who attended both the baseline (2004-07) and the follow-up (2011-13) examinations and were free of prevalent CKD.

Six-Year Incidence of Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Asian Malays: The Singapore Malay Eye Study.

Purpose: To determine the 6-year incidence of early and late age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in a Singaporean Malay population and to validate the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) simplified severity scale in Asians.

Design: Prospective, population cohort study.

Participants: The Singapore Malay Eye Study baseline participants (age, ≥40 years; 2006-2008) were followed up in 2011 through 2013, and 1901 of 3280 of eligible participants (72.

Dynamic Responses in Retinal Vessel Caliber With Flicker Light Stimulation and Risk of Diabetic Retinopathy and Its Progression.

Purpose: This study investigated the associations between the responses of retinal vessels to flickering light and the incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR).

Methods: A prospective cohort study of adult subjects with diabetes mellitus. The dynamic vessel analyser (DVA) was used to measure retinal vascular dilatation in response to diffuse illuminance flicker.

Retinopathy Signs Improved Prediction and Reclassification of Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Diabetes: A prospective cohort study.

CVD risk prediction in diabetics is imperfect, as risk models are derived mainly from the general population. We investigate whether the addition of retinopathy and retinal vascular caliber improve CVD prediction beyond established risk factors in persons with diabetes. We recruited participants from the Singapore Malay Eye Study (SiMES, 2004-2006) and Singapore Prospective Study Program (SP2, 2004-2007), diagnosed with diabetes but no known history of CVD at baseline.

Correction: The Impact of Macronutrients on Retinal Microvasculature among Singapore Pregnant Women during the Mid-Late Gestation.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.

Association of Changes in Visual Acuity With Vision-Specific Functioning in the Singapore Malay Eye Study.

Importance: Longitudinal population-based data on the effect of vision loss on vision-specific functioning (VSF) are scarce, particularly in Asian populations.

Objective: To examine the association between changes in presenting visual acuity (PVA) and VSF.

Design, Setting, And Participants: Vision-specific functioning of 1895 adults was assessed in the baseline (January 20, 2004-July 31, 2006) and follow-up (June 28, 2010-July 31, 2014) phases of the longitudinal population-based Singapore Malay Eye Study.

Vision impairment and major eye diseases reduce vision-specific emotional well-being in a Chinese population.

Aims: To assess the relationship between vision impairment (VI) and major eye diseases, with vision-specific emotional well-being in a Chinese population.

Methods: In this population-based cross-sectional study, 3353 Chinese participants aged 40-80 years answered the emotional well-being scale of the Impact of Vision Impairment questionnaire, validated using Rasch analysis. Participants underwent visual acuity testing and collection of sociodemographic and medical data from standardised questionnaires.

The Impact of Macronutrients on Retinal Microvasculature among Singapore Pregnant Women during the Mid-Late Gestation.

Background: Imbalanced macronutrient intakes can induce impairment of endothelial and vascular function, and further lead to metabolic and cardiovascular disease. However, little is known about the influence of such diets on endothelial and vascular dysfunction in pregnant women, even though high-fat diet is a known risk for pregnancy complications such as gestational diabetes and pre-eclampsia.

Objective: We aimed to assess the association between maternal macronutrient intakes (protein, fat and carbohydrates), dietary quality and retinal microvascular changes in a multi-ethnic Asian mother-offspring cohort.

The impact of typical neovascular age-related macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy on vision-related quality of life in Asian patients.

Aims: To determine the impact of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) on vision-related quality of life (VRQoL) in an Asian population.

Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 162 subjects with nAMD from the Asian AMD Phenotyping Study and 105 randomly sampled age-matched and gender-matched controls from the population-based Singapore Chinese Eye Study were recruited. nAMD was categorised as either polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) or 'typical' AMD (tAMD).

Association of Vision Impairment and Major Eye Diseases With Mobility and Independence in a Chinese Population.

Importance: Mobility limitations arising from vision impairment (VI) can result in loss of independence and reduced quality of life. However, few data are available on the association between VI and mobility limitations at a population-based level, particularly in Asian populations.

Objective: To assess the association of VI and major eye diseases with mobility and independence (M&I) in a Chinese population.

Joint Effect of Early Microvascular Damage in the Eye &Kidney on Risk of Cardiovascular Events.

Microalbuminuria is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), but not all individuals require treatment. Retinal microvascular abnormalities and microalbuminuria reflect early systemic microvascular changes. We examined the joint effect of retinal abnormalities and microalbuminuria on CVD risk in an Asian cohort.

Impact of Visual Impairment and Eye diseases on Mortality: the Singapore Malay Eye Study (SiMES).

We investigated the relationship of visual impairment (VI) and age-related eye diseases with mortality in a prospective, population-based cohort study of 3,280 Malay adults aged 40-80 years between 2004-2006. Participants underwent a full ophthalmic examination and standardized lens and fundus photographic grading. Visual acuity was measured using logMAR chart.

Assessment of the psychometric properties of the Chinese Impact of Vision Impairment questionnaire in a population-based study: findings from the Singapore Chinese Eye Study.

Purpose: We investigated whether the Chinese impact of vision impairment (IVI) questionnaire is valid to generate reliable person estimates in a population-based sample.

Methods: VRQoL was measured using the 32-item Chinese version of the IVI questionnaire in the Singapore Chinese Eye Study (2009-2011), a population-based study of the prevalence and risk factors for VI and eye diseases in Chinese Singaporeans. Rasch analysis was used to assess the Chinese IVI's response category functioning, precision, unidimensionality, targeting and differential item functioning.

Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Visual Features of Undiagnosed Glaucoma: The Singapore Epidemiology of Eye Diseases Study.

Importance: Glaucoma can remain asymptomatic until a severe stage, resulting in a high prevalence of undiagnosed glaucoma worldwide. Asia accounts for 60% of the world's total glaucoma cases. To our knowledge, no epidemiological studies have assessed ethnic differences in undiagnosed glaucoma among various Asian subgroups.

Prevalence and determinants of undiagnosed diabetic retinopathy and vision-threatening retinopathy in a multiethnic Asian cohort: the Singapore Epidemiology of Eye Diseases (SEED) study.

Objective: To determine the prevalence and risk factors of undiagnosed diabetic retinopathy (DR), in particular vision-threatening DR (VTDR) in a multiethnic Asian cohort.

Design: A population-based survey of 3353 Chinese, 3280 Malays and 3400 Indians (73.6% response) aged 40-80 years residing in Singapore.

New loci and coding variants confer risk for age-related macular degeneration in East Asians.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major cause of blindness, but presents differently in Europeans and Asians. Here, we perform a genome-wide and exome-wide association study on 2,119 patients with exudative AMD and 5,691 controls, with independent replication in 4,226 patients and 10,289 controls, all of East Asian descent, as part of The Genetics of AMD in Asians (GAMA) Consortium. We find a strong association between CETP Asp442Gly (rs2303790), an East Asian-specific mutation, and increased risk of AMD (odds ratio (OR)=1.

Incidence of myocardial infarction, stroke, and death in patients with age-related macular degeneration treated with intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy.

Purpose: To describe the rates of myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and mortality in patients who have treatment with intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) injections for age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

Design: A retrospective population linkage study.

Method: We identified patients aged 40 years and above who received treatment with intravitreal anti-VEGF injections for AMD from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2011 at the Singapore National Eye Centre.

Relationship of systemic endothelial function and peripheral arterial stiffness with diabetic retinopathy.

Background: To investigate possible associations between diabetic retinopathy (DR) and systemic vascular endothelial function and arterial stiffness measured using reactive hyperaemia peripheral arterial tonometry.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional observational clinical study. Subjects with diabetes were recruited and DR was graded from retinal photographs.

Dynamic responses in retinal vessel caliber with flicker light stimulation in eyes with diabetic retinopathy.

Purpose: This study investigated the responses of retinal vessels to flickering light in diabetic patients with various stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR).

Methods: This cross-sectional observational study evaluated adult subjects with diabetes mellitus. The Dynamic Vessel Analyzer (DVA) was used to measure retinal vascular dilatation in response to diffuse illuminance flicker.

Chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease and mortality: A prospective cohort study in a multi-ethnic Asian population.

Background: Few studies have examined the impact of chronic kidney disease (CKD) on adverse cardiovascular outcomes and deaths in Asian populations. We evaluated the associations of CKD with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality in a multi-ethnic Asian population.

Design: Prospective cohort study of 7098 individuals who participated in two independent population-based studies involving Malay adults (n = 3148) and a multi-ethnic cohort of Chinese, Malay and Indian adults (n = 3950).