Synchrotron X-ray tomographic microscopy of fossil embryos.

Fossilized embryos from the late Neoproterozoic and earliest Phanerozoic have caused much excitement because they preserve the earliest stages of embryology of animals that represent the initial diversification of metazoans. However, the potential of this material has not been fully realized because of reliance on traditional, non-destructive methods that allow analysis of exposed surfaces only, and destructive methods that preserve only a single two-dimensional view of the interior of the specimen. Here, we have applied synchrotron-radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM), obtaining complete three-dimensional recordings at submicrometre resolution.

Activity coefficients and thermodynamic parameters for RbCl/CsCl + amide (acetamide, propanamide, and n-butanamide) + water system at 298.15 K.

Electromotive force (emf) of the chemical cell without liquid-junction K-ISE | RbCl/CsCl ( m(E)) | ISE-Cl and K-ISE | RbCl/CsCl (m(E)), amide (m(N)) | ISE-Cl, have been measured at 298.15 K, where m(E)=(0.005 to 0.