Childhood stuttering and dissociations across linguistic domains.

Unlabelled: The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the possible presence of dissociations in the speech and language skills of young children who do (CWS) and do not stutter (CWNS) using a correlation-based statistical procedure [Bates, E., Appelbaum, M., Salcedo, J.

Lexical priming in picture naming of young children who do and do not stutter.

The purpose of this investigation was to assess the influence of lexical/semantic priming on the speech reaction time of young children who do and do not stutter during a picture-naming task. Participants were 23 children who stutter, age-matched (+/-4 months) to 23 children who do not stutter, ranging in age from 3;0 (years;months) to 5;11. Procedures involved a computer-assisted picture-naming task, during which each participant was presented with the same set of 28 pictures in each of 3 different conditions: (a) no-prime condition, in which no auditory stimulus was presented before picture display; (b) related-prime condition, in which a word, semantically related to the target picture, was presented auditorily 700 ms before picture display; and (c) unrelated-prime condition, in which a semantically unrelated word was presented auditorily 700 ms before picture display.

Characteristics of speech disfluency and stuttering behaviors in 3- and 4-year-old children.

The purpose of this investigation was to quantitatively and qualitatively characterize speech disfluencies exhibited by 3- and 4-year-old children who do (CWS, N = 36) and do not (CWNS, N = 36) stutter. Five measures of speech disfluency (e.g.

Temperamental characteristics of young children who stutter.

The purpose of this investigation was to assess the temperamental characteristics of children who do (CWS) and do not (CWNS) stutter using a norm-referenced parent-report questionnaire. Participants were 31 CWS and 31 CWNS between the ages of 3;0 (years;months) and 5;4 (CWS: mean age = 48.03 months; CWNS: mean age = 48.

Darkness facilitates the acoustic startle reflex in humans.

The effects of darkness on startle reactivity and prepulse inhibition were investigated in two studies with 25 subjects participating in each study. Acoustic startle stimuli that were or were not preceded by an acoustic prepulse were delivered in alternating periods of complete darkness or light. In both studies, darkness significantly increased the magnitude of startle but did not affect prepulse inhibition (PPI).

Circadian timekeeping in hyperactive and hypertensive inbred rat strains.

Inbred strains have been used to study genetic and physiological relationships among different aspects of circadian timekeeping, as well as relationships between circadian rhythmicity and other strain-specific traits. The present study characterized several features of circadian timekeeping in genetically hyperactive (WKHA) and genetically hypertensive (WKHT) inbred strains, derived from spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. WKHAs and WKHTs differed in free-running period, steady-state entrainment to light-dark cycles, and photic phase shifting, and relationships among these measures were consistent with previous studies of species, strain, and individual differences.

Fluctuation in grip and pinch strength among normal subjects.

Grip and pinch strength testing are commonly used to evaluate hand strength for disability ratings and to assess responses to various forms of therapy. This study determined the variations in grip and pinch strength in normal individuals. Ninety-five healthy subjects--61 women and 34 men--were examined prospectively by use of a Jamar dynamometer and a Preston pinch gauge.