Effects of infant feeding type on auditory event-related potentials at 24 months of age.

Background: Added bovine milk fat globule membrane (bMFGM) or bMFGM components in infant formulas may favor language development essential for cognitive maturation in early life. In this study, the influence of infant feeding type on language skills acquisition was investigated.

Methods: Auditory event-related potentials (ERPs) were performed at ~4-6 (baseline) and 24 months of age in infants receiving: human milk, as a reference group (HM, n = 42) or randomized to standard infant formula (SF, n = 53) or similar formula with added bMFGM (EF, n = 48) through 12 months of age.

Self-Reported Sleep Duration Is a Useful Tool to Predict Sarcopenia in Chilean Older Adults: Evidence from the ALEXANDROS Longitudinal Study.

Age-related sleep disorders share common pathways with sarcopenia. Prospective data from Latin American populations are scarce, and the association between sleep disorders and sarcopenia in Chileans remains unknown. Thus, we aimed to study the longitudinal association between sleep disorders and sarcopenia in a cohort study of 1116 community-dwelling Chilean older people ≥60 years old from the ALEXANDROS cohorts.

Neurocognitive factors predicting BMI changes from adolescence to young adulthood.

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess whether inhibitory task performance in adolescence could be prospectively related to weight gain in young adulthood. We proposed that this association would differ according to the BMI group in adolescence.

Methods: A total of 318 adolescents performed the anti-saccade task, and 530 completed the Stroop test.

Adolescent sedentary behavior and body composition in early adulthood: results from a cohort study.

Background: This study investigates the cross-sectional and prospective associations between accelerometer-measured sedentary behavior and body composition from adolescence to early adulthood.

Methods: Data from the Santiago Longitudinal Study were analyzed (n = 212). Sedentary time was measured at age 16 years, and body composition (body mass index [BMI], waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio [WHtR], fat mass percentage, and lean mass percentage) was examined at both age 16 and 23 years.

A single night of moderate at-home sleep restriction increases hunger and food intake in overweight young adults.

Objectives: Experimental studies under laboratory conditions have shown a close link between acute sleep restriction and metabolic disorders. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of a single night of moderate sleep restriction implemented under ambulatory settings on sleep organization, food intake, blood pressure, and heart rate in overweight young adults.

Methods: In a non-randomized experimental study, we evaluated 15 young, overweight adults (mean age [± SEM] 20.

Fasting levels of appetite regulating hormones predict caloric intake at breakfast in a group of Chilean adolescents.

Background: Appetite regulation is integral to food intake and is modulated by complex interactions between internal and external stimuli. Hormonal mechanisms which stimulate or inhibit intake have been characterized, but the physiologic effects of serum levels of such hormones in short-term appetite regulation have received little attention.

Aim: To evaluate whether fasting levels of orexigenic/anorexigenic hormones were associated with energy intake at breakfast, served soon after drawing a fasting blood sample, in a group of adolescents.

Nighttime Sleep Characteristics and White Matter Integrity in Young Adults.

Purpose: Sleep is essential for life and plays a key role for optimal physiology, brain functioning, and health. Evidence suggests a relation between sleep and cerebral white matter integrity. Human studies report that sleep duration shows a U-shaped association with brain functioning.

Cognitive control inhibition networks in adulthood are impaired by early iron deficiency in infancy.

Iron deficiency, a common form of micronutrient deficiency, primarily affects children and women. The principal cause of iron deficiency is undernutrition in low-income countries and malnutrition in middle to upper income regions. Iron is a key element for myelin production, neuronal metabolism, and dopamine functions.

Association of fasting Orexin-A levels with energy intake at breakfast and subsequent snack in Chilean adolescents.

Orexin-A, a hormone secreted by orexin neurons, is involved in caloric-intake regulation. Current understanding is based primarily on animal studies. Studies of orexin in humans are scarce, and to our knowledge there are no prior studies in adolescents.

Association of fasting orexin-A levels with energy intake at breakfast and subsequent snack in Chilean adolescents.

Orexin-A, a hormone secreted by orexin neurons, is involved in caloric-intake regulation. Current understanding is based primarily on animal studies. Studies of orexin in humans are scarce, and to our knowledge there are no prior studies in adolescents.

Developmental effects on sleep-wake patterns in infants receiving a cow's milk-based infant formula with an added prebiotic blend: a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Few studies have evaluated nutritive effects of prebiotics on infant behavior state, physiology, or metabolic status.

Methods: In this double-blind randomized study, infants (n = 161) received cow's milk-based infant formula (Control) or similar formula with an added prebiotic blend (polydextrose and galactooligosaccharides [PDX/GOS]) from 14-35 to 112 days of age. Infant wake behavior (crying/fussing, awake/content) and 24-h sleep-wake actograms were analyzed (Baseline, Days 70 and 112).

Assessing cognitive control and the reward system in overweight young adults using sensitivity to incentives and white matter integrity.

Cognitive control and incentive sensitivity are related to overeating and obesity. Optimal white matter integrity is relevant for an efficient interaction among reward-related brain regions. However, its relationship with sensitivity to incentives remains controversial.

Effect of feeding mode on infant growth and cognitive function: study protocol of the Chilean infant Nutrition randomized controlled Trial (ChiNuT).

Background: A central aim for pediatric nutrition is to develop infant formula compositionally closer to human milk. Milk fat globule membranes (MFGM) have shown to have functional components that are found in human milk, suggesting that addition of bovine sources of MFGM (bMFGM) to infant formula may promote beneficial outcomes potentially helping to narrow the gap between infants who receive human breast milk or infant formula. The objective of the current study is to determine how the addition of bMFGM in infant formula and consumption in early infancy affects physical growth and brain development when compared to infants fed with a standard formula and a reference group of infants fed with mother's own milk.

Sleep and motor sequence learning consolidation in former iron deficient anemic adolescents.

Background: Iron deficiency is the most prevalent micronutrient deficiency worldwide. There is evidence that iron deficiency produces alterations in the developing brain, eventually leading to long-lasting effects on various cognitive functions.

Methods: Here, we investigated motor learning and its consolidation after sleep in adolescents who sustained iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in infancy, compared to healthy controls, in the context of a long-term follow-up Chilean research project.

Night-time cardiac autonomic modulation as a function of sleep-wake stages is modified in otherwise healthy overweight adolescents.

Objective: Even though sympathetic dominance during the daytime period is well known, currently, scarce data exist on autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulation during sleep in pediatric obesity. We aimed to evaluate sleep cardiac ANS regulation in normal-weight (NW) and overweight and obese (OW) adolescents.

Patients/methods: In this study, 60 healthy adolescents (15.

Differences on Brain Connectivity in Adulthood Are Present in Subjects with Iron Deficiency Anemia in Infancy.

Iron deficiency continues to be the most prevalent micronutrient deficit worldwide. Since iron is involved in several processes including myelination, dopamine neurotransmission and neuronal metabolism, the presence of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in infancy relates to long-lasting neurofunctional effects. There is scarce data regarding whether these effects would extend to former iron deficient anemic human adults.

Weight Status and Physical Activity: Combined Influence on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors Among Adolescents, Santiago, Chile.

We tested the independent and combined influence of overweight/obesity and meeting moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) guidelines (≥60 minutes per day) on cardiometabolic risk factors among healthy adolescents. We measured anthropometry, blood pressure, fasting lipids, and activity by accelerometer in 223 adolescents. They were categorized as overweight/obese versus normal weight and meeting the World Health Organization guidelines for MVPA per day.

Leptin status in adolescence is associated with academic performance in high school: a cross-sectional study in a Chilean birth cohort.

Objective: Leptin is a pleiotropic hormone associated with learning and memory via brain receptors. However, elevated plasma leptin levels may impair cognitive and memory functions. Since individual differences in memory performance affect students' ability to learn, we aimed to study the relation between leptin status in adolescence and school performance.

Disposable diaper use promotes consolidated nighttime sleep and positive mother-infant interactions in Chinese 6-month-olds.

The emergence of consolidated nighttime sleep and the formation and maintenance of parent-infant relationships are 2 primary developmental achievements of the infancy period. Despite the development of a transactional model that links parenting behaviors to infant sleep, limited attention has been devoted to examining experimental manipulations of infant sleep that may impact the discrete parent-infant interactions that may form the foundation for emerging attachment relationships. In the present study, infants were randomly assigned to wear high-absorbency disposable diapers or to continue using traditional low-absorbency cloth diapers that necessitate frequent changes and associated disruptions of nighttime sleep.

Potential effects of reward and loss avoidance in overweight adolescents.

Background: Reward system and inhibitory control are brain functions that exert an influence on eating behavior regulation. We studied the differences in inhibitory control and sensitivity to reward and loss avoidance between overweight/obese and normal-weight adolescents.

Methods: We assessed 51 overweight/obese and 52 normal-weight 15-y-old Chilean adolescents.

Inhibitory control in otherwise healthy overweight 10-year-old children.

Background: Preventing obesity is a worldwide public health priority. In vulnerable children living in obesogenic environments, with easy access to high-caloric food, alterations in inhibitory control functions might favor excessive food intake and affect energy regulation. We hypothesized that overweight/obese children would present lower inhibitory control in comparison to normal weight children.

A balanced sleep/wakefulness classification method based on actigraphic data in adolescents.

Several research groups have developed automated sleep-wakefulness classifiers for night wrist actigraphic (ACT) data. These classifiers tend to be unbalanced, with a tendency to overestimate the detection of sleep, at the expense of poorer detection of wakefulness. The reason for this is that the measure of success in previous works was the maximization of the overall accuracy, disregarding the balance between sensitivity and specificity.