New insights into the destabilization of fat globules in ultra-instantaneous UHT milk induced by added plasmin: Molecular mechanisms and the effect of membrane structure on plasmin action.

Residual plasmin activity in whole ultra-instantaneous UHT (UI-UHT) milk causes rapid fat rise during storage, seriously affecting consumers' purchase intentions. In this work, the molecular mechanisms underlying fat destabilization in whole UI-UHT milk by added plasmin were investigated based on the hydrolysis behavior of interfacial proteins. By using SDS-PAGE and peptidomic analysis, we found that the hydrolysis of interfacial proteins by plasmin led to a decrease in the amount and coverage of interfacial proteins and an increase in zeta-potential value, causing the flocculation and coalescence of fat globules.

Immulectin-2 from the ghost moth, Thitarodes xiaojinensis (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae), modulates cellular and humoral responses against fungal infection.

C type-lectins constitute a large family of pattern recognition receptors, playing important roles in insect immune defenses. Thitarodes xiaojinensis larvae showed distinct immune features after Ophiocordyceps sinensis, Cordyceps militaris, or Beauveria bassiana infection. Based on transcriptome and immunoblot analysis, we found that immulectin-2 (IML2) was induced after T.

Distinct Responses of β-1,3-Glucan Recognition Protein-1 and Immulectin-8 to and Infection.

Melanization and encapsulation are prominent defense responses against microbes detected by pattern recognition receptors of their host insects. In the ghost moth , an activated immune system can melanize and encapsulate the fungus However, these responses were hardly detected in the host hemolymph postinfection of another fungus The immune interaction between and the host remains largely unknown, which hinders the artificial cultivation of Chinese cordyceps. We found that β-1,3-glucan recognition protein-1 (βGRP1) was needed for prophenoloxidase activation induced by Failure of βGRP1 to recognize is a primary reason for the lack of melanization in the infected host.

Necroptosis Mediates Cigarette Smoke-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Macrophages.

Introduction: Cigarette smoke (CS)-induced inflammation in macrophages is involved in the pathological process of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Necroptosis, which is a form of programmed necrosis, has a close relationship with robust inflammation, while its roles in COPD are unclear.

Materials And Methods: Necroptosis markers were measured in mouse alveolar macrophages and cultured bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs).

[Pharmacokinetic study on acetoside in rats].

Objective: To establish a HPLC method for determining acetoside in rat plasma and to investigate the pharmacokinetic characteristics of acetoside in rats.

Method: Six rats were orally administered with 150 mg x kg(-1) acetoside and their blood samples were collected at different time points. The plasma concentration of acetoside was determined by reserved HPLC, and the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by DAS 2.

Shifting species interaction in soil microbial community and its influence on ecosystem functions modulating.

The supportive and negative evidence for the stress gradient hypothesis (SGH) led to an ongoing debate among ecologists and called for new empirical and theoretical work. In this study, we took various biological soil crust (BSCs) samples along a spatial gradient with four environmental stress levels to examine the fitness of SGH in microbial interactions and evaluate its influence on biodiversity-function relationships in BSCs. A new assessment method of species interactions within hard-cultured invisible soil community was employed, directly based on denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis fingerprint images.

[Effect of acteoside on learning and memory impairment induced by scopolamine in mice].

Objective: To study on the effect of acteoside on learning and memory of dementia mice.

Method: Mice were orally administered with acteoside for 10 days. Scopolamine was used to establish the acquired learning disability in mice.

[Role of amino acid residues at positions 322 and 329 of hemagglutinin in virulence of H5N1 avian influenza virus].

Two H5N1 avian influenza viruses (AIV), A/mallard/Huadong/S/2005 (S, IVPI = 2.65, in mallard) and A/mallard/Huadong/Y/2003 (Y, IVPI = 0, in mallard), were capable of distinct in pathogenicity to non-immunized mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). There were two amino acid residues difference in the HA cleavage site between two viruses, 322 (S, Leu; Y, Gln) and 329 (S, deletion; Y, Lys).