What do they look for and what do they find? A coproduced qualitative study on young people's experiences of searching for mental health information online.

Background: Many young people (YP) struggle with their mental health and look online for help. To capitalise on their digital presence, we need to better understand how and where they seek information online and what they think of what they find.

Method: We recruited 24 YP (aged 13-18 years).

Multivariate Neural Patterns of Reward and Anxiety in Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa.

People with anorexia nervosa (AN) commonly exhibit elevated anxiety and atypical reward responsiveness. To examine multivariate neural patterns associated with reward and the impact of anxiety on reward, we analyzed fMRI data from a monetary reward task using representational similarity analysis, a multivariate approach that measures trial-by-trial consistency of neural responses. Twenty-five adolescent girls with AN and 22 mildly anxious controls lacking any history of AN were presented personalized anxiety-provoking or neutral words before receiving a reward, and neural response patterns in reward regions were analyzed.

Visual system structural and functional connections during face viewing in body dysmorphic disorder.

Background: Individuals with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) perceive distortions in their appearance, which could be due to imbalances in global and local visual processing. The vertical occipital fasciculus connects dorsal and ventral visual stream regions, integrating global and local information, yet the role of this structural connection in BDD has not been explored. Here, we investigated the vertical occipital fasciculus's white matter microstructure in those with BDD and healthy controls and tested associations with psychometric measures and effective connectivity while viewing their face during fMRI.

Photosynthetic pretreatment increases membrane-based rejection of boron and arsenic.

The metalloids boron and arsenic are ubiquitous and difficult to remove during water treatment. As chemical pretreatment using strong base and oxidants can increase their rejection during membrane-based nanofiltration (NF), we examined a nature-based pretreatment approach using benthic photosynthetic processes inherent in a unique type of constructed wetland to assess whether analogous gains can be achieved without the need for exogenous chemical dosing. During peak photosynthesis, the pH of the overlying clear water column above a photosynthetic microbial mat (biomat) that naturally colonizes shallow, open water constructed wetlands climbs from circumneutral to approximately 10.

A review of the impairments, preserved visual functions, and neuropathology in 21 patients with visual form agnosia - A unique defect with line drawings.

We present a comprehensive review of the rare syndrome visual form agnosia (VFA). We begin by documenting its history, including the origins of the term, and the first case study labelled as VFA. The defining characteristics of the syndrome, as others have previously defined it, are then described.

Corrigendum: CARMA II: a ground vehicle for autonomous surveying of alpha, beta and gamma radiation.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2023.

Identifying types of problems and relative priorities in the problem lists of participants in CBT for psychosis trials.

Background: There is wide variation in the problems prioritised by people with psychosis in cognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis (CBTp). While research trials and mental health services have often prioritised reduction in psychiatric symptoms, service users may prioritise issues not directly related to psychosis. This discrepancy suggests potential challenges in treatment outcome research.

Scalable and customizable parallel flow-through reactors to quantify biological processes related to contaminant attenuation by photosynthetic wetland microbial mats.

Shallow, unit process open water wetlands harbor a benthic microbial mat capable of removing nutrients, pathogens, and pharmaceuticals at rates that rival or exceed those of more traditional systems. A deeper understanding of the treatment capabilities of this non-vegetated, nature-based system is currently hampered by experimentation limited to demonstration-scale field systems and static lab-based microcosms that integrate field-derived materials. This limits fundamental mechanistic knowledge, extrapolation to contaminants and concentrations not present at current field sites, operational optimization, and integration into holistic water treatment trains.

Towards Understanding Factors Affecting Arsenic, Chromium, and Vanadium Mobility in the Subsurface.

Arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), and vanadium (V) are naturally occurring, redox-active elements that can become human health hazards when they are released from aquifer substrates into groundwater that may be used as domestic or irrigation source. As such, there is a need to develop incisive conceptual and quantitative models of the geochemistry and transport of potentially hazardous elements to assess risk and facilitate interventions. However, understanding the complexity and heterogeneous subsurface environment requires knowledge of solid-phase minerals, hydrologic movement, aerobic and anaerobic environments, microbial interactions, and complicated chemical kinetics.

fMRI form adaptation and size repetition enhancement in different subdivisions of the lateral occipital complex.

Research findings on which brain areas demonstrate fMRI adaptation to the form, orientation, and size of visual stimuli has been mixed. Studies demonstrate effects in various subdivisions of the lateral occipital complex (LOC), including retinotopically tuned areas LO-1 and LO-2, and dorsal stream areas in the intraparietal sulcus (IPS). Therefore, we aimed to examine fMRI adaptation in four subdivisions of the LOC (LO-proper, posterior fusiform sulcus, LO-1, and LO-2) and three discrete regions in the IPS (caudal IPS, IPS-proper, and anterior IPS) to clarify the role that these structures play in form, orientation, and size processing.

Statistical Learning and Uncommon Soil Microbiota Explain Biogeochemical Responses after Wildfire.

Wildfires are a perennial event globally, and the biogeochemical underpinnings of soil responses at relevant spatial and temporal scales are unclear. Soil biogeochemical processes regulate plant growth and nutrient losses that affect water quality, yet the response of soil after variable intensity fire is difficult to explain and predict. To address this issue, we examined two wildfires in Colorado, United States, across the first and second postfire years and leveraged statistical learning (SL) to predict and explain biogeochemical responses.

Virtual reality (VR) therapy for patients with psychosis: satisfaction and side effects.

Background: Automated virtual reality therapies are being developed to increase access to psychological interventions. We assessed the experience with one such therapy of patients diagnosed with psychosis, including satisfaction, side effects, and positive experiences of access to the technology. We tested whether side effects affected therapy.

The Effects of Word Identity, Case, and SOA on Word Priming in a Subliminal Context.

It is widely assumed that subliminal word priming is case insensitive and that a short SOA (< 100 ms) is required to observe any effects. Here we attempted to replicate results from an influential study with the inclusion of a longer SOA to re-examine these assumptions. Participants performed a semantic categorisation task on visible word targets that were preceded either 64 or 192 ms by a subliminal prime.

Binding Capacity and Selectivity of Functionalized and Un-functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Development of Copper-Detecting Printable Sensor.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have unique properties which can be modified through surface functionalization. The ability of several functionalized and un-functionalized CNTs to bind copper was investigated as a first step toward developing a printable CNT-based sensor to detect copper in aqueous systems. Binding capacity and specificity were shown to vary by functionalization and vendor.

Effect of Cellulose Nanofibrils and TEMPO-mediated Oxidized Cellulose Nanofibrils on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Poly(vinylidene fluoride)/Cellulose Nanofibril Composites.

Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) are high aspect ratio, natural nanomaterials with high mechanical strength-to-weight ratio and promising reinforcing dopants in polymer nanocomposites. In this study, we used CNFs and oxidized CNFs (TOCNFs), prepared by a 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical (TEMPO)-mediated oxidation process, as reinforcing agents in poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF). Using high-shear mixing and doctor blade casting, we prepared free-standing composite films loaded with up to 5 wt % cellulose nanofibrils.

'It was me answering my own questions': Experiences of method of levels therapy amongst people with first-episode psychosis.

In this study, we aimed to understand how people with first-episode psychosis experienced a transdiagnostic cognitive therapy called method of levels (MOL). Semistructured interviews were conducted with 12 individuals who were participants of a feasibility randomized controlled trial of MOL for first-episode psychosis. Interviews were analysed using thematic analysis.

Perceptual size discrimination requires awareness and late visual areas: A continuous flash suppression and interocular transfer study.

We applied continuous flash suppression (CFS) during an interocular transfer paradigm to evaluate the importance of awareness and the contribution of early versus late visual structures in size recognition. Specifically, we tested if size judgements of a visible target could be influenced by a congruent or incongruent prime presented to the same or different eye. Without CFS, participants categorised a target as "small" or "large" more quickly when it was preceded by a congruent prime - regardless of whether the prime and target were presented to the same or different eye.

Perceptual Discrimination of Basic Object Features Is Not Facilitated When Priming Stimuli Are Prevented From Reaching Awareness by Means of Visual Masking.

Our understanding of how form, orientation and size are processed within and outside of awareness is limited and requires further investigation. Therefore, we investigated whether or not the visual discrimination of basic object features can be influenced by subliminal processing of stimuli presented beforehand. Visual masking was used to render stimuli perceptually invisible.

Eye-Tracking Reveals that the Strength of the Vertical-Horizontal Illusion Increases as the Retinal Image Becomes More Stable with Fixation.

The closer a line extends toward a surrounding frame, the longer it appears. This is known as a framing effect. Over 70 years ago, Teodor Künnapas demonstrated that the shape of the visual field itself can act as a frame to influence the perceived length of lines in the vertical-horizontal illusion.

Extraction and characterization of ternary complexes between natural organic matter, cations, and oxyanions from a natural soil.

Natural organic matter (NOM) can have a significant influence on the mobility and fate of inorganic oxyanions, such as arsenic and selenium, in the environment. There is evidence to suggest that interactions between NOM and these oxyanions are facilitated by bridging cations (primarily Fe) through the formation of ternary complexes. Building on previous work characterizing ternary complexes formed in the laboratory using purified NOM, this study describes the extraction and characterization of intact ternary complexes directly from a soil matrix.

Combined Flux Chamber and Genomics Approach Links Nitrous Acid Emissions to Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria and Archaea in Urban and Agricultural Soil.

Nitrous acid (HONO) is a photochemical source of hydroxyl radical and nitric oxide in the atmosphere that stems from abiotic and biogenic processes, including the activity of ammonia-oxidizing soil microbes. HONO fluxes were measured from agricultural and urban soil in mesocosm studies aimed at characterizing biogenic sources and linking them to indigenous microbial consortia. Fluxes of HONO from agricultural and urban soil were suppressed by addition of a nitrification inhibitor and enhanced by amendment with ammonium (NH4(+)), with peaks at 19 and 8 ng m(-2) s(-1), respectively.

Digoxin concentrations in postmortem human tissues.

An extraction procedure is described that allows the application of a commercially available enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique to the measurement of digoxin in whole blood, liver, and kidney. The concentrations of digoxin were measured in tissues obtained at autopsy from five patients who had been taking therapeutic doses of digoxin prior to death. Blood concentrations at autopsy were found to be higher than the therapeutic range, perhaps due to postmortem redistribution.

Use of dual-column fused-silica capillary gas chromatography in combination with detector response factors for analytical toxicology.

Retention and detector response factor data have been given for 188 compounds on the DB1 capillary column using a dual nitrogen--phosphorus and flame ionization detection system. Factors affecting the detector response factor parameter in a dual-capillary column system have been discussed showing its advantage in drug screening.

Detection of drugs in saliva of impaired drivers.

This study examined the feasibility of detecting drugs using saliva samples obtained from impaired drivers. Screening procedures on 1- to 2-mL samples were for cannabinoids, volatiles, benzodiazepines, and other acidic/neutral/basic drugs. Methodology consisted of enzyme multiple immunoassay technique (EMIT) and temperature programmed gas chromatography with confirmation by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS).