Exploring transformer reliability in clinically significant prostate cancer segmentation: A comprehensive in-depth investigation.

Despite the growing prominence of transformers in medical image segmentation, their application to clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa) has been overlooked. Minimal attention has been paid to domain shift analysis and uncertainty assessment, critical for safely implementing computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems. Domain shift in medical imagery refers to differences between the data used to train a model and the data evaluated later, arising from variations in imaging equipment, protocols, patient populations, and acquisition noise.