Protein identification before and after glyphosate exposure in Lolium multiflorum genotypes.

Background: Weeds reduce crop yields, and among the methods used to control these plants, the use of chemicals is preferred. However, the repeated application of herbicides with the same mechanism of action selects for resistant populations. The aim of this study was to evaluate glyphosate resistance in Lolium multiflorum (Lam.

Chemical evidence for the effect of Urochloa ruziziensis on glyphosate-resistant soybeans.

Background: Soybean (Glycine max) is an important oleaginous legume that has been cultivated in new areas in Brazil, including pastures. Problems of reduced production yields have been reported by soybean growers when the crop is sown immediately after desiccation of pastures of Urochloa spp. using glyphosate.

The proteasome controls presynaptic differentiation through modulation of an on-site pool of polyubiquitinated conjugates.

Differentiation of the presynaptic terminal is a complex and rapid event that normally occurs in spatially specific axonal regions distant from the soma; thus, it is believed to be dependent on intra-axonal mechanisms. However, the full nature of the local events governing presynaptic assembly remains unknown. Herein, we investigated the involvement of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), the major degradative pathway, in the local modulation of presynaptic differentiation.

Options for surgical treatment of cervical fractures in patients with spondylotic spine: a case series and review of the literature.

Introduction: The surgical treatment of unstable cervical fractures is challenging for spinal surgeons. Unstable cervical fractures associated with spondyloarthropathy and deformities that alter function, form and stability present a greater challenge. Having multiple options to manage this difficult situation is important to all spine surgeons and the results of each case depends on the singular characteristics of patients.

Impact of the timing and duration of weed control on the establishment of a rubber tree plantation.

Rubber tree production is reduced by weeds that compete for environmental resources; therefore, the timing and duration of weed control influences weed interference. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the growth of rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) plants, to determine the critical period for weed control, and to evaluate the growth recovery of rubber trees that coexisted with weeds for different periods of time after planting. Two groups of treatments were established under field conditions in the first year of the investigation: one group contained crescent periods of weed infestation, while the other contained crescent periods of weed control, also including a weed-free check and a total weedy check.

Hormesis with glyphosate depends on coffee growth stage.

Weed management systems in almost all Brazilian coffee plantations allow herbicide spray to drift on crop plants. In order to evaluate if there is any effect of the most commonly used herbicide in coffee production, glyphosate, on coffee plants, a range of glyphosate doses were applied directly on coffee plants at two distinct plant growth stages. Although growth of both young and old plants was reduced at higher glyphosate doses, low doses caused no effects on growth characteristics of young plants and stimulated growth of older plants.

Pool of resistance mechanisms to glyphosate in Digitaria insularis.

Digitaria insularis biotypes resistant to glyphosate have been detected in Brazil. Studies were carried out in controlled conditions to determine the role of absorption, translocation, metabolism, and gene mutation as mechanisms of glyphosate resistance in D. insularis.

Low glyphosate rates do not affect Citrus limonia (L.) Osbeck seedlings.

Background: Glyphosate is used to control weeds in citrus orchards, and accidental spraying or wind drift onto the seedlings may cause growth arrest owing to metabolism disturbance. Two experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of non-lethal rates (0, 180, 360 and 720 g AI ha(-1)) of glyphosate on four-month-old 'Cravo' lime, Citrus limonia (L.) Osbeck, seedlings.

Sesquiterpene lactones as allelochemicals.

Six new sesquiterpene lactones, annuolide H (3), helivypolides F, H-J (4, 11-13), and helieudesmanolide A (6), together with known compounds, were isolated from polar bioactive fractions of Helianthus annuus cv. SH-222 and Stella fresh leaf water extracts. Spectroscopic analysis of the new data for 1,2-anhydroniveusin A and 1-methoxy-4,5-dihydroniveusin A corrects some previous assignments.