A cost-effective IoT learning environment for the training and assessment of surgical technical skills with visual learning analytics.

Background: Surgeons need to train and certify their technical skills. This is usually done with the intervention of experts who monitor and assess trainees. Nevertheless, this is a time-consuming task that is subject to variations among evaluators.

Objective and automated assessment of surgical technical skills with IoT systems: A systematic literature review.

The assessment of surgical technical skills to be acquired by novice surgeons has been traditionally done by an expert surgeon and is therefore of a subjective nature. Nevertheless, the recent advances on IoT (Internet of Things), the possibility of incorporating sensors into objects and environments in order to collect large amounts of data, and the progress on machine learning are facilitating a more objective and automated assessment of surgical technical skills. This paper presents a systematic literature review of papers published after 2013 discussing the objective and automated assessment of surgical technical skills.