A Prospective Cohort Study to Evaluate Needle Passes Using a Portable Ultrasound Device versus Traditional Landmark Approach for Epidural Anesthesia in a Busy Obstetric Tertiary Care Center.

Despite its many cited benefits, ultrasound guidance for neuraxial procedures is not widespread in anesthesiology. Some cited limitations include device cost and accessibility. We test the hypothesis that a handheld and relatively inexpensive ultrasound can improve neuraxial proficiency (e.

Molecular phylogeny of Urvillea (Paullinieae, Sapindaceae) and its implications in stem vascular diversity.

Background And Aims: The tribe Paullinieae has the highest diversity of vascular variants among the seed plants. The developmental diversity is better understood in the species-rich genera Paullinia and Serjania; however, the phylogeny and diversity of vascular variants in the smaller genera of Paullinieae remain understudied. Here we investigate the evolution of development of stem vasculatures in the small genus Urvillea.

Climbing mechanisms and the diversification of neotropical climbing plants across time and space.

Climbers germinate on the ground but need external support to sustain their stems, which are maintained attached to supports through modified organs, that is, climbing mechanisms. Specialized climbing mechanisms have been linked to higher diversification rates. Also, different mechanisms may have different support diameter restrictions, which might influence climbers' spatial distribution.

An updated infra-familial classification of Sapindaceae based on targeted enrichment data.

Premise: The economically important, cosmopolitan soapberry family (Sapindaceae) comprises ca. 1900 species in 144 genera. Since the seminal work of Radlkofer, several authors have attempted to overcome challenges presented by the family's complex infra-familial classification.

Corrigendum: Laticifers in Sapindaceae: Structure, Evolution and Phylogenetic Importance.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.

Laticifers in Sapindaceae: Structure, Evolution and Phylogenetic Importance.

Laticifer occurrence and structure are poorly known in Sapindaceae. Occurrence is likely underestimated owing to the low production of latex in most species. We investigated 67 species from 23 genera of Sapindaceae to verify laticifer occurrence and their structural, developmental and chemical features, as well as their evolutionary history in the family.

A new species of (Paullinieae, Sapindaceae) from the Amazon and its phylogenetic placement.

is a Neotropical genus of lianas with approximately 12 species and is the only genus in tribe Paullinieae with actinomorphic flowers. During a taxonomic revision of the genus and fieldwork in south-western Amazonia, we found a new species that appears similar to (ex ) because of its racemiform inflorescence. However, before describing the new species, we had to confirm that was congeneric with so we could place the new species in the correct genus.

Modifications during Early Plant Development Promote the Evolution of Nature's Most Complex Woods.

Secondary growth is the developmental process by which woody plants grow radially. The most complex presentations of secondary growth are found in lianas (woody vines) as a result of the unique demand to maintain stems that can twist without breaking. The complex woody forms in lianas arise as non-circular stem outlines, aberrant tissue configurations, and/or shifts in the relative abundance of secondary tissues.

First report of laticifers in lianas of Malpighiaceae and their phylogenetic implications.

Premise: Laticifers have evolved multiple times in angiosperms and have been interpreted as a key innovation involved in plant defense mechanisms. In Malpighiaceae, laticifers were previously known from a single lineage of trees and shrubs, the Galphimia clade, but with detailed anatomical analyses here, we show that their distribution is broader in the family, also encompassing large clades of lianas.

Methods: From 15 genera, 70 species of Malpighiaceae were surveyed through careful anatomical ontogenetic analysis of roots, stems, and leaves and detailed histochemical tests to elucidate the nature of laticifers and latex in the family.

Phylogeny of Paullinia L. (Paullinieae: Sapindaceae), a diverse genus of lianas with dynamic fruit evolution.

Paullinia L. is a genus of c. 220 mostly Neotropical forest-dwelling lianas that display a wide diversity of fruit morphologies.

New species of (Sapindaceae) from continental tropical America.

Six new species are described in the large Neotropical genus (Sapindaceae), , , , ; and . In addition, they are illustrated and contrasted to the morphologically most similar species currently known. The new species were discovered while working on a forthcoming revision of the genus.

An integrated assessment of the vascular plant species of the Americas.

The cataloging of the vascular plants of the Americas has a centuries-long history, but it is only in recent decades that an overview of the entire flora has become possible. We present an integrated assessment of all known native species of vascular plants in the Americas. Twelve regional and national checklists, prepared over the past 25 years and including two large ongoing flora projects, were merged into a single list.

Invasive plant species in the West Indies: geographical, ecological, and floristic insights.

The level of invasion (number or proportion of invasive species) in a given area depends on features of the invaded community, propagule pressure, and climate. In this study, we assess the invasive flora of nine islands in the West Indies to identify invasion patterns and evaluate whether invasive species diversity is related to geographical, ecological, and socioeconomic factors. We compiled a database of invasive plant species including information on their taxonomy, origin, pathways of introduction, habitats, and life history.

, a new species and first record for the genus in Central America (tribe Spathelieae, Rutaceae).

L. as currently circumscribed is endemic to the western portion of the West Indies, and contains nine species, one endemic to the Bahamas, three endemic to Jamaica and five endemic to Cuba. The discovery of a new species in Belize brings the total number of species in to ten and expands its known distribution beyond the West Indies.

Plant diversity patterns in neotropical dry forests and their conservation implications.

Seasonally dry tropical forests are distributed across Latin America and the Caribbean and are highly threatened, with less than 10% of their original extent remaining in many countries. Using 835 inventories covering 4660 species of woody plants, we show marked floristic turnover among inventories and regions, which may be higher than in other neotropical biomes, such as savanna. Such high floristic turnover indicates that numerous conservation areas across many countries will be needed to protect the full diversity of tropical dry forests.

Alatococcus, a new genus of Sapindaceae from Espirito Santo, Brazil.

The new genus Alatococcus (Sapindaceae) is described from Espirito Santo, Brazil. Alatococcus seems to be closely related to Scyphonychium of northeastern Brazil, as they both share similar vegetative morphology, flowers with zygomorphic calyx, fruits with indehiscent mericarps, and isopolar, tricolporate pollen grains. They however differ by the shape of the nectary disc, petal appendages, mericarps, and pollen shape and ornamentation.

Four new species of Sapindaceae from the Guianas.

Four new species of Sapindaceae from the Guianas, South America, are described, illustrated and contrasted with their putative, relatives: Matayba ayangannensis Acev.-Rodr. a small shrub from Mt.

Allophylastrum: a new genus of Sapindaceae from northern South America.

The new genus Allophylastrum (Sapindaceae) is described from Roraima, Brazil and Guyana. Allophylastrum resembles the genus Allophylus in its vegetative morphology but differs by its apetalous flowers with a cupular nectary disc, 5-6 unequal stamens, and 4- to 5- porate pollen grains. A key is provided to differentiate Allophylastrum from Allophylus.

Plastid and nuclear DNA markers reveal intricate relationships at subfamilial and tribal levels in the soapberry family (Sapindaceae).

The economically important soapberry family (Sapindaceae) comprises about 1900 species mainly found in the tropical regions of the world, with only a few genera being restricted to temperate areas. The infrafamilial classification of the Sapindaceae and its relationships to the closely related Aceraceae and Hippocastanaceae - which have now been included in an expanded definition of Sapindaceae (i.e.