CCL2 is associated with a faster rate of cognitive decline during early stages of Alzheimer's disease.

Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 (CCR2)-signaling can mediate accumulation of microglia at sites affected by neuroinflammation. CCR2 and its main ligand CCL2 (MCP-1) might also be involved in the altered metabolism of beta-amyloid (Aβ) underlying Alzheimer's disease (AD). We therefore measured the levels of CCL2 and three other CCR2 ligands, i.

Cerebrospinal fluid levels of β-amyloid 1-42, but not of tau, are fully changed already 5 to 10 years before the onset of Alzheimer dementia.

Context: Early detection of prodromal Alzheimer disease (AD) is important because new disease-modifying therapies are most likely to be effective when initiated during the early stages of disease.

Objectives: To assess the ability of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers total tau (T-tau), phosphorylated tau (P-tau), and β-amyloid 1-42 (Aβ42) to predict future development of AD dementia within 9.2 years in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and to compare CSF biomarkers between early and late converters to AD.

Longitudinal study of CSF biomarkers in patients with Alzheimer's disease.

Background: The CSF biomarkers tau and Abeta42 can identify patients with AD, even during the preclinical stages. However, previous studies on longitudinal changes of tau and Abeta42 in individual patients with AD and elderly controls report somewhat inconsistent results.

Methodology/principal Findings: We investigated the levels of tau and Abeta42 at baseline and after 1 year in 100 patients with AD.

Soluble TNF receptors are associated with Aβ metabolism and conversion to dementia in subjects with mild cognitive impairment.

Objective: There is evidence supporting that tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-signaling can induce production of beta-amyloid (Aβ) in the brain. Moreover, amyloid-induced toxicity has been shown to be dependent on TNFR-signaling. However, it is still unclear whether TNFRs are involved in the early stages of dementia.

Elevated plasma levels of soluble CD40 in incipient Alzheimer's disease.

CD40 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor super-family and has been suggested to play a role in the metabolism of beta-amyloid (Abeta) in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the role of CD40-signalling in incipient AD has not yet been studied. We investigated the plasma levels of soluble CD40 (sCD40) and the soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) at baseline in 136 subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and 30 age-matched controls.

Elevated cerebrospinal fluid BACE1 activity in incipient Alzheimer disease.

Background: We used a sensitive and specific beta-site amyloid precursor protein (APP)-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) assay to determine the relationship between BACE1 activity in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and markers of APP metabolism and axonal degeneration in early and late stages of Alzheimer disease (AD).

Objective: To assess CSF BACE1 activity in AD.

Design: Case-control and longitudinal follow-up study.

Cube copying test in combination with rCBF or CSF A beta 42 predicts development of Alzheimer's disease.

Background/aim: The aim was to identify subjects with incipient Alzheimer's disease (AD) among patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) using brief cognitive tests.

Methods: A total of 147 MCI patients were followed for 4-6 years and the incidence of AD was 11.6%/year.

Combined rCBF and CSF biomarkers predict progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease.

This study aimed to identify preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD) in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) using measurements of both regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers. Baseline rCBF assessments ((133)Xe method) were performed in 70 patients with MCI who were cognitively stable for 4-6 years, 69 patients with MCI who subsequently developed AD, and 33 healthy individuals. CSF was collected at baseline and analyzed for beta-amyloid(1-42), total tau and phophorylated tau.

Prediction of Alzheimer's disease using the CSF Abeta42/Abeta40 ratio in patients with mild cognitive impairment.

Evidence supports an important role for beta-amyloid (Abeta) in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we investigate baseline levels of the 40- and 42-amino-acid-long Abeta peptides (Abeta40 and Abeta42) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from a cohort of patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI, n = 137) in relation to the final diagnosis after 4-6 years of follow-up time. CSF Abeta42 concentration at baseline and the Abeta42/Abeta40 ratio were significantly decreased in the MCI patients who developed AD as compared to cognitively stable MCI patients and MCI patients who developed other forms of dementia (p < 0.

Association between CSF biomarkers and incipient Alzheimer's disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment: a follow-up study.

Background: Disease-modifying treatment strategies for Alzheimer's disease have led to an urgent need for biomarkers to identify the disease at a very early stage. Here, we assess the association between CSF biomarkers and incipient Alzheimer's in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

Methods: From a series of 180 consecutive patients with MCI, we assessed 137 who underwent successful lumbar puncture at baseline.