Nitric oxide action in the digestive fluid of Nepenthes × ventrata is linked to the modulation of ROS level.

Nepenthes are carnivorous plants with photoactive leaves converted into jug-shaped containers filled with the digestive fluid. The digestion requires various enzymes and reactive oxygen species (ROS) that facilitate proteolysis. Reactive nitrogen species are present in the digestive fluid of Nepenthes × ventrata, and the increased nitric oxide (NO) formation is associated with protein degradation.

Do Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species Have a Similar Effect on Digestive Processes in Carnivorous Plants and Humans?

Carnivorous plants attract animals, trap and kill them, and absorb nutrients from the digested bodies. This unusual (for autotrophs) type of nutrient acquisition evolved through the conversion of photosynthetically active leaves into specialised organs commonly called traps. The genus (pitcher plants) consists of approximately 169 species belonging to the group of carnivorous plants.

Is the Phytotoxic Effect of Digestive Fluid of on Tomato Related to Reactive Oxygen Species?

The digestive fluid of pitcher plants is a rich source of enzymes and secondary metabolites, but its impact on higher plant growth and development remains unknown. The aim of the study was to determine the phytotoxicity of the digestive fluid of the pitcher plant () on the germination of tomato ( L.) seeds, elongation growth and cell viability of roots of tomato seedlings.

ROS and RNS Alterations in the Digestive Fluid of × Trap at Different Developmental Stages.

The carnivorous pitcher plant, × (Hort. ex Fleming = Blanco × Blanco), produces passive traps containing digestive fluid. Although reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the fluid were detected in some pitcher plants, the participation of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in the digestion process has not yet been examined.

Nitric Oxide in Seed Biology.

Nitric oxide (NO) has been recognized as a gasotransmitter in the mainstream of plant research since the beginning of the 21st century. It is produced in plant tissue and the environment. It influences plant physiology during every ontogenetic stage from seed germination to plant senescence.

Toxicity of -Tyrosine.

L-Tyrosine (Tyr) is one of the twenty proteinogenic amino acids and also acts as a precursor for secondary metabolites. Tyr is prone to modifications, especially under conditions of cellular redox imbalance. The oxidation of Tyr precursor phenylalanine leads to the formation of Tyr non-proteinogenic isomers, including -Tyr (-Tyr), a marker of oxidative stress.

ROS Metabolism Perturbation as an Element of Mode of Action of Allelochemicals.

The allelopathic interaction between plants is one of the elements that influences plant communities. It has been commonly studied by applying tissue extracts onto the acceptors or by treating them with isolated allelotoxins. Despite descriptive observations useful for agricultural practice, data describing the molecular mode of action of allelotoxins cannot be found.

Effect of Nitrogen Reactive Compounds on Aging in Seed.

Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are universal compounds that are constantly present in plant cells. RNS function depends on their actual level (the "nitrosative door" concept), duration of plant exposure to RNS and the context of the exposure. RNS are involved in the nitration of nucleic acids and fatty acids, posttranslational protein modifications (nitration and -nitrosylation), and modulation of reactive oxygen species metabolism.

Peroxynitrite induced signaling pathways in plant response to non-proteinogenic amino acids.

Nitro/oxidative modifications of proteins and RNA nitration resulted from altered peroxynitrite generation are elements of the indirect mode of action of canavanine and meta-tyrosine in plants Environmental conditions and stresses, including supplementation with toxic compounds, are known to impair reactive oxygen (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) homeostasis, leading to modification in production of oxidized and nitrated derivatives. The role of nitrated and/or oxidized biotargets differs depending on the stress factors and developmental stage of plants. Canavanine (CAN) and meta-tyrosine (m-Tyr) are non-proteinogenic amino acids (NPAAs).

Canavanine-Induced Decrease in Nitric Oxide Synthesis Alters Activity of Antioxidant System but Does Not Impact S-Nitrosoglutathione Catabolism in Tomato Roots.

Canavanine (CAN) is a nonproteinogenic amino acid synthesized in legumes. In mammalians, as arginine analogue, it is an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of CAN-induced nitric oxide level limitation on the antioxidant system and -nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) metabolism in roots of tomato seedlings.

Destabilization of ROS metabolism in tomato roots as a phytotoxic effect of meta-tyrosine.

meta-Tyrosine (m-Tyr) is a non-protein amino acid produced in both plants and animals. Primary mode of action of this phenylalanine analog is its incorporation into protein structure leading to formation of aberrant molecules. An increased level of m-Tyr in animal cells is detected under oxidative stress and during age-related processes characterized by overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS).

meta-Tyrosine induces modification of reactive nitrogen species level, protein nitration and nitrosoglutathione reductase in tomato roots.

A non-protein amino acid (NPAA) - meta-Tyrosine (m-Tyr), is a harmful compound produced by fescue roots. Young (3-4 days old) tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings were supplemented for 24-72 h with m-Tyr (50 or 250 μM) inhibiting root growth by 50 or 100%, without lethal effect.

Toxicity of canavanine in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) roots is due to alterations in RNS, ROS and auxin levels.

Canavanine (CAN) is non-proteinogenic aminoacid and a structural analog of arginine (Arg). Naturally, CAN occurs in legumes e.g.