Microglia and brain angiotensin type 1 receptors are involved in desensitising baroreflex by intracerebroventricular hypertonic saline in male Sprague-Dawley rats.

High salt diet alters cardiovascular control by increasing concentration of sodium ions (Na) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and is a risk factor for hypertension. Hypernatremic conditions activate microglia and upregulate renin-angiotensin system in the brain. Thus, we checked if chronic elevation of CSF Na affects neural control of circulatory system via microglia and brain angiotensin type 1 receptors (AT1Rs).

Tumour necrosis factor and interleukin 10 in blood pressure regulation in spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats.

Introduction: A growing body of evidence indicates that brain cytokines are involved in the control of the cardiovascular system. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is an archetypal cytokine, which exerts its proinflammatory actions via type 1 receptor (TNFR1). Interleukin 10 (IL-10) plays a critical anti-inflammatory role by binding to its receptor (IL-10Ra).

Proinflammatory cytokines and ageing of the cardiovascular-renal system.

Cardiovascular health deteriorates with age, and age is one of the strongest risk factors for cardiovascular complications including myocardial infarction, heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias, and death related to heart diseases. In this review, we show that expression of proinflammatory cytokines (PICs) increases throughout the human lifespan, and this increase is correlated with cardiovascular health, morbidity, and mortality. We argue that increased concentrations of circulating PICs are not only markers of chronic low-grade inflammation, but they also serve as an important pathophysiological link between CV health and ageing.