The Polish version of the Process-Based Assessment Tool (PBAT)-The measure of processes of change in psychological interventions.

The aim of this study was to conduct a Polish adaptation of Process-Based Assessment Tool (PBAT), to be used primarily for measurement of the processes of change occurring within psychological interventions, regardless of the therapeutic approach. PBAT includes a set of statements related to negative and positive behaviors in the domains of selection, variation, and retention, as it is theoretically embedded in the evolutionary approach. The tool's construction was determined by resolving the issue of ergodic error, hence employs an idiographic approach.

Increasing water intake and walking with a self-management intervention using negative and positive reinforcement.

Introduction: This study compared the effectiveness of different types of reinforcement (positive, negative, and a combination of both) in a self-management intervention program designed to increase water intake and walking.

Methods: Four university students participated in a self-management program to increase water intake and walking. Multiple baseline design across behaviors that included baseline (A) condition, positive reinforcement (B) condition, negative reinforcement (C) condition, and combination of both (B + C), was introduced.

From direct contingencies to derived relations: the ever-developing nature of theory and practice in behavior analysis.

Purpose: To illustrate the processes of development within the behavioral theory and the corresponding expansion of the areas in which it is applied, especially the advancement (conceptual developments) of the functional analysis of language inspired by Relational Frame Theory (RFT) research.

Views: Classical and operant conditioning are well-established behavioral learning processes, discovered and described at the beginning of the twentieth century. They provide the tools for analyzing, establishing and modifying the functions of stimuli and responses of the organisms through manipulation of the environment.

The role of chronic pain and pain anxiety in delay discounting of pain and monetary losses.

Pain may alter intertemporal decisions by modifying the value of pain-related outcomes. For example, a person with chronic back pain may be faced with two choices: undergo surgery that could provide long-term relief but would involve additional short-term pain and discomfort during recovery; or continue living with the chronic pain and avoid the surgery, thus leading to overall deteriorated health. Such choices are well captured by delay discounting, which is defined as the decline in the subjective value of an outcome as the delay of its receipt increases.

The Polish adaptation of the measurements of rule-governed behaviors: Generalized Pliance Questionnaire, Generalized Tracking Questionnaire and Generalized Self-Pliance Questionnaire.

In some circumstances rule-governed behavior, a behavior that is governed by verbal rules instead of environmental consequences, may be beneficial for human beings. At the same time, rigid rule following is associated with psychopathology. Thus measurement of rule-governed behavior may be of special use in a clinical setting.

Gain-loss asymmetry in delay and effort discounting of different amounts.

Loss aversion entails that people attribute greater weight to losses than to equivalent gains. In terms of discounting, it is reflected in a higher discounting rate for gains than for losses. Research on delay discounting indicates that such gain-loss asymmetry may depend on the amount of the outcome being considered.

Infant feeding practices and later parent-reported feeding difficulties: a systematic review.

Context: Early feeding practices may influence the acceptance of new foods and contribute to the development of feeding difficulties later in childhood.

Objective: The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the association of breastfeeding duration, timing of complementary feeding introduction, and feeding techniques with feeding difficulties or their subtypes, namely picky or fussy eating, food refusal, and food neophobia, in children older than 1 year of age.

Data Sources: Guidance from the Cochrane Collaboration and the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination was followed.

On Four Types of Devaluation of Outcomes Due to Their Costs: Delay, Probability, Effort, and Social Discounting.

Discounting refers to decreases in the subjective value of an outcome with increases in some attribute of that outcome. The attributes most commonly studied are delay and probability, with far less research on effort and social discounting. Although these attributes all represent costs that reduce subjective value, it is as yet unclear how the extent to which they do so is related at the individual level.

Depression and appearance-related distress in functioning with lipedema.

Lipedema is a chronic, progressive adipose tissue disorder that may impact the quality of life of women who suffer from it. The main aim of this study was to asses the role of perceived symptom severity, physical and psychological functioning with the disease in predicting quality of life in patients with lipedema. We conducted an online study with 329 participants who responded to five questionnaires measuring quality of life (World Health Organization Quality of Life BREF), lipedema symptom severity, mobility (Lower Extremity Functional Scale), depression (Patients Health Questionnaire-9), and appearance-related distress (Derriford Appearance Scale 24).

Physical and cognitive effort discounting across different reward magnitudes: Tests of discounting models.

The effort required to obtain a rewarding outcome is an important factor in decision-making. Describing the reward devaluation by increasing effort intensity is substantial to understanding human preferences, because every action and choice that we make is in itself effortful. To investigate how reward valuation is affected by physical and cognitive effort, we compared mathematical discounting functions derived from research on discounting.

Name recognition in autism: EEG evidence of altered patterns of brain activity and connectivity.

Background: Impaired orienting to social stimuli is one of the core early symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, in contrast to faces, name processing has rarely been studied in individuals with ASD. Here, we investigated brain activity and functional connectivity associated with recognition of names in the high-functioning ASD group and in the control group.

MK-801 and memantine act differently on short-term memory tested with different time-intervals in the Morris water maze test.

N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) play a crucial role in spatial memory formation. In neuropharmacological studies their functioning strongly depends on testing conditions and the dosage of NMDAR antagonists. The aim of this study was to assess the immediate effects of NMDAR block by (+)MK-801 or memantine on short-term allothetic memory.

Quality of life in women with lipoedema: a contextual behavioral approach.

Purpose: Lipoedema is a chronic, progressive adipose disorder of unknown etiology, often underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed as obesity. It manifests itself with accumulation of the fat in lower parts of the body and associated edema and, due to numerous physical and psychological consequences, affects the quality of life (QOL) of those who suffer. The aim of this study was to investigate the psychological factors that might have an impact on the QOL of women with lipoedema from the contextual behavioral viewpoint.

Effects of post-weaning social isolation and environment al enrichment on exploratory behavior and ankiety in Wistar rats.

Adverse early experience is generally regarded as a risk factor for both externalizing and internalizing behavioral disorders in humans. It can be modeled in rats by a post-weaning social isolation procedure. Effects of social isolation might possibly be ameliorated by environmental enrichment.

Social discounting: Choice between rewards for other people.

The purpose of the present study was to test the prediction that when two rewards, a smaller but "socially closer" one and a larger but "socially more distant" one, are moved away from the subject by the same social distance, subjective value of the socially more distant reward will increase (i.e. the rate of social discounting will be shallower).

Neural correlates of own name and own face detection in autism spectrum disorder.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition clinically characterized by social interaction and communication difficulties. To date, the majority of research efforts have focused on brain mechanisms underlying the deficits in interpersonal social cognition associated with ASD. Recent empirical and theoretical work has begun to reveal evidence for a reduced or even absent self-preference effect in patients with ASD.

Relations between Cloninger's dimensions of temperament and steepness of delay and effort discounting of monetary rewards.

The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between Cloninger's personality dimensions of temperament (Harm Avoidance, Novelty Seeking, Reward Dependence, and Persistence) and the steepness of delay and effort discounting, which refers to a decrease in the subjective value of a reward as its delay, or effort required to obtain the reward, increases. Participants (N = 112; ages 19 to 29 years, M = 21.80, SD = 1.

Discounting of sequences of delayed rewards of different amounts.

The main purpose of this study was to determine whether the magnitude effect is present in cases where delayed sequences of rewards are discounted. The magnitude effect refers to the inverse relationship between the amount of a reward and the steepness of temporal discounting. This study was conducted with a computer program to estimate the indifference points, which served as indicators of the present subjective value of delayed sequences of small and large rewards.

Quality of life in childhood epilepsy with lateralized epileptogenic foci.

Background: Measuring quality of life (QOL) helps to delineate mechanisms underlying the interaction of disease and psychosocial factors. In adults, epileptic foci in the left temporal lobe led to lower QOL and higher depression and anxiety as compared to the right-sided foci. No study addressed the development of QOL disturbances depending on the lateralization of epileptogenic focus.

Probabilistic discounting in "certain gain-uncertain loss" and "certain loss-uncertain gain" conditions.

Studies on probabilistic discounting typically involve choosing between two outcomes of the same sign (i.e., positive or negative).

Psychosocial impairments in children with epilepsy depend on the side of the focus.

This article explores the idea that epileptic activity may interfere with psychosocial functions and development in children. In an adult population with epilepsy, left hemispheric seizure focus predicts worse psychosocial functioning. The developmental aspects of these disturbances require further studies.

[Polish adaptation and validation of beck youth inventories of emotional and social impairment].

Introduction: Psychiatric disorders are common among children and adolescents, affecting about 15-22% of this population. In order to fully develop emotional and cognitive skills, those children require professional care at early stages of the illness. Inventories addressing the broad range of emotional and social impairments, with high reliability and validity, can be of great help in early diagnostics.

[Polish adaptation and validation of Health-Related Quality of Life in Childhood Epilepsy Questionnaire].

Background And Purpose: Epilepsy is a frequent chronic disease in children, having a strong impact on a child's psychosocial functioning. Effective therapy must take into account the wide range of physical, psychological and social needs of patients. The importance of assessing patients' quality of life is becoming increasingly acknowledged.

Temporal discounting in "gain now-lose later" and "lose now-gain later" conditions.

Studies on temporal discounting typically involve choosing between two outcomes of the same sign, i.e., positive or negative.