Nickel as a modifier of calcium oxalate: an liquid cell TEM investigation of nucleation and growth.

Despite extensive research on the nucleation and growth of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals, there are still several challenges and unknowns that remain. In particular, the role of trace metal elements in the promotion or inhibition of CaOx crystals is not well understood. In the present study, graphene liquid cell transmission electron microscopy ( GLC TEM) was used to observe real-time, nanoscale transformations of CaOx crystals in the presence of nickel ions (Ni).