Prevalence of laryngotracheal injury in chronically tracheostomized children at a large referral center.

Objective: To assess the prevalence and factors associated with laryngotracheal lesions in chronically tracheostomized children followed at a comprehensive care center for tracheostomized patients.

Study Design: Cross-sectional study.

Setting: Tertiary care hospital.

PERCUTANEOUS ENDOSCOPIC GASTROSTOMY IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: 15-YEARS' EXPERIENCE OF A TERTIARY CENTER.

Background: Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is an important option for enteral nutrition for both children and adults. It is considered a safe, effective, and advantageous technique in comparison to other complementary feeding routes. It allows continuous feeding, the feeding of patients with swallowing disorders due to neurological causes or others, and the administration of non-palatable diets or medications, all with low rates of complications and mortality.

Endoscopic prophylaxis and factors associated with bleeding in children with extrahepatic portal vein obstruction.

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate factors associated with upper digestive hemorrhage and primary and secondary endoscopic prophylaxis outcomes in children with extrahepatic portal vein obstruction.

Methods: This observational and prospective study included 72 children with extrahepatic portal vein obstruction who were followed from 2005 to 2017. Risk factors associated with upper digestive hemorrhage and the results of primary and secondary prophylaxis of these patients were evaluated.

Evaluation of endoscopic secondary prophylaxis in children and adolescents with esophageal varices.

Background: - Bleeding of esophageal varices is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in children and adults with portal hypertension and there are few studies involving secondary prophylaxis in children and adolescents.

Objective: - To evaluate the efficacy of endoscopic secondary prophylaxis in prevention of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in children and adolescents with esophageal varices.

Methods: - This is a prospective analysis of 85 patients less than 18 years of age with or without cirrhosis, with portal hypertension.

EVALUATION OF PRIMARY PROPHYLAXIS WITH PROPRANOLOL AND ELASTIC BAND LIGATION IN VARICEAL BLEEDING IN CIRRHOTIC CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS.

Background: The efficacy of nonselective β-blocker and endoscopic procedures, such as endoscopic variceal ligation, as primary prophylaxis of variceal hemorrhage in cirrhotic adults was demonstrated by numerous controlled trials, but in pediatric population, few are the number of studies.

Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the primary prophylaxis with β-blocker in cirrhotic children and adolescents with portal hypertension.

Methods: This is a cohort study encompassing 26 cirrhotic patients.

Th1 immune response to H. pylori infection varies according to the age of the patients and influences the gastric inflammatory patterns.

To compare children and adults in respect to the effect of H. pylori infection on the gastric concentrations of cytokines linked to innate and Th1 immune response, as well as to investigate the changes in the gastric concentrations of the studied cytokines according to the age. We studied 245 children (142 H.

Iron status and Helicobacter pylori infection in symptomatic children: an international multi-centered study.

Objective: Iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) are global major public health problems, particularly in developing countries. Whilst an association between H. pylori infection and ID/IDA has been proposed in the literature, currently there is no consensus.

Risk factors associated with hypoxemia during foreign body removal from airways in childhood.

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the association between variables associated with hypoxemia in children who underwent rigid bronchoscopy for foreign body removal.

Methods: From April 1993 to April 2011, four hundred and one children who inhaled foreign bodies were included. Apart from descriptive statistics, univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify risk factors related to hypoxemia.

Increased gastric IL-1β concentration and iron deficiency parameters in H. pylori infected children.

Association between H. pylori infection, iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia has been described, but the mechanisms involved have not been established. We hypothesized that in H.

Endoscopic and pharmacological secondary prophylaxis in children and adolescents with esophageal varices.

Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the results of endoscopic secondary prophylaxis, alone or in combination with propranolol, used to prevent upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) in children and adolescents with esophageal varices.

Methods: This observational study followed 43 patients younger than 18 years who received secondary prophylaxis between August 2001 and December 2009. Sclerotherapy and/or band ligation were performed, and propranolol was used when no contraindications were present.

Anesthesia for lung lavage in pediatric patient with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.

Background And Objectives: Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis (PAP) is a rare disorder first described in 1958. The Whole-Lung Lavage (WLL) proposed in the 1960s, remains the treatment of choice. Several techniques have been described to perform lung lavage in pediatric patients; however, all have limitation and risks.

A regulatory instead of an IL-17 T response predominates in Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis in children.

Th17 cells seem to have an important role in the efficacy of vaccines against Helicobacter pylori. Because children are a target group for human vaccination and Th17/T(reg) cells have intrinsically linked and antagonic commitments, we compared the gastric levels of Th17- and T(reg)-associated cytokines of children and adults. IL-6, IL-10 and TGF-β1 levels and Foxp3(+) cell numbers were higher, but IL-1β, IL-17A and IL-23 were lower in infected children than in infected adults.

Clinical and laboratory predictors of esophageal varices in children and adolescents with portal hypertension syndrome.

Objectives: To determine the clinical and laboratory parameters that may predict the presence of esophageal varices in children and adolescents with portal hypertension.

Patients And Methods: Overall, 111 patients with portal hypertension and no previous history of digestive bleeding underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy for detection of esophageal varices. A univariate analysis initially was carried out, followed by a logistic regression analysis to identify the independent variables associated with the presence of esophageal varices.

Endoscopic dilatation of esophageal strictures in children and adolescents.

Objective: To assess the causes of esophageal stricture in pediatric patients and their response to endoscopic dilatation.

Methods: Retrospective analysis of clinical and endoscopic data obtained from children and adolescents with esophageal stricture submitted to endoscopic dilatation between July 1993 and January 2003.

Results: A total of 125 patients aged between 1 month and 16 years were included in the study.

Foreign body aspiration: clinical, radiological findings and factors associated with its late removal.

Objective: The study was carried out to assess the clinical and radiological findings and factors related to delay in definite diagnosis of foreign body aspiration and its removal.

Methods: Medical charts of 280 bronchoscopic-proven foreign body (FB) inhalators were reviewed. To analyze factors related to late removal, the population studied was divided into two groups according to time elapsed between injury and care-seeking (up to 24h and longer than 24h) followed by FB removal.

Residual gastric volume and risk for pulmonary aspiration in children with gastroesophageal reflux. Comparative study.

Background And Objectives: Children with gastroesophageal reflux are often submitted to anesthesia for both diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. They are considered as having delayed gastric emptying and so anesthesia in this group is surrounded by special consideration, mostly with regard to pulmonary aspiration. This study aimed at comparing residual gastric volume of children with and without gastroesophageal reflux and at determining if children with gastroesophageal reflux are at risk for pulmonary aspiration during anesthesia.