Parenting Challenges Among Families Experiencing Homelessness with Children with and without Externalizing Behavior Problems.

Objective: To examine differences in parenting factors among caregivers with children with and without externalizing behavior problems (EBP) in a community homeless shelter sample versus a stable housing sample.

Method: Nine hundred and fourteen children (ages = 2.01-7.

Three-Year Effects of Motivational Interviewing-Enhanced Behavior Therapy for Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Randomized Community-Based Trial.

Objective: This study reports 3-year effects of a parent-teen cognitive/behavioral treatment for adolescent attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), blended with Motivational Interviewing (Supporting Teens' Autonomy Daily [STAND]), vs Usual Care (UC) in 4 community clinics.

Method: This was a randomized clinical trial with double randomization of adolescents and therapists to STAND vs UC. Participants were 278 culturally diverse adolescents diagnosed with DSM-5 ADHD and 82 community therapists.

Initial promise of child-parent psychotherapy in reducing stress and postpartum depression among mothers experiencing homelessness: a feasibility and pilot study.

Purpose: Mothers experiencing homelessness undergo significant stressors in addition to parenting stress, yet the rate and treatment of postpartum depression (PPD) within this population has yet to be explored. We assessed the risk for PPD and examined the changes in PDD and parenting stress following engagement in treatment.

Methods: Participants included 182 mothers with infants 7 months of age or younger in a shelter setting.

Mental health prevention and treatment programs for infants experiencing homelessness: A systematic review.

Experiencing homelessness in infancy has been linked to negative physical and mental health outcomes. Parental well-being and the parent-infant relationship can also be negatively impacted by experiencing homelessness. While numerous parent-based infant mental health programs have been identified by a recent review, the goal of this study was to further determine the extent to which these existing programs were developed and/or examined with at-risk populations such as families experiencing homelessness.

A Systematic Review of Infant Mental Health Prevention and Treatment Programs.

Although many prevention and treatment programs exist for children and families, there have been no reviews specifically examining their impact on infant mental health at the program level. Therefore, the purpose of the current review was to a) systematically examine prevention and treatment programs targeting infant mental health outcomes (i.e.

Community-Delivered Evidence-Based Practice and Usual Care for Adolescent Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Examining Mechanistic Outcomes.

Previous research suggests that routine psychosocial care for adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is an eclectic and individualized mix of diluted evidence-based practices (EBPs) and low-value approaches. This study evaluated the extent to which a community-delivered EBP and usual care (UC) for adolescents with ADHD produce differential changes in theorized behavioral, psychological, and cognitive mechanisms of ADHD. A randomized community-based trial was conducted with double randomization of adolescent and community therapists to EBP delivery supports (Supporting Teens' Autonomy Daily [STAND]) versus UC delivery.

Multimodal Assessment of Emotion Dysregulation in Children with and without ADHD and Disruptive Behavior Disorders.

Objective: We sought to explore if specific domains of emotion dysregulation (emotion regulation [EREG], emotional reactivity/lability [EREL], emotion recognition/understanding [ERU], and callous-unemotional [CU] behaviors) were uniquely associated with diagnostic classifications.

Method: This study utilized a multimodal (parent/teacher [P/T] reports and behavioral observations) approach to examine emotion dysregulation in a sample of young children (68.7% boys; mean age = 5.

Exploring Differences in Physical Health in Young Children With and Without ADHD.

Objective: To assess differences in child physical health outcomes and metrices associated with obesity in a sample of predominantly Hispanic/Latinx young children with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Methods: Participants included 127 children diagnosed with ADHD and 96 typically developing (TD) children between 4 and 7 years of age. Objective measures of children's body composition, fitness, and physical activity were conducted.

A Randomized Community-Based Trial of Behavior Therapy vs. Usual Care for Adolescent ADHD: Secondary Outcomes and Effects on Comorbidity.

Though behavior therapy (BT) for ADHD in adolescence is evidence-based, almost no work examines its implementation and effectiveness in community settings. A recent randomized community-based trial of an evidence-based BT for adolescent ADHD (Supporting Teens' Autonomy Daily; STAND; N = 278) reported high clinician, parent, and youth acceptability but variable implementation fidelity. Primary outcome analyses suggested no significant differences between STAND and usual care (UC) unless the clinician delivering STAND was licensed.

Early intervention for families experiencing homelessness: A pilot randomized trial comparing two parenting programs.

Objective: As part of a larger community-based, service-driven research project, the primary purpose of this pilot randomized study was to examine the feasibility and acceptability of delivering time-limited adaptations of parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT) and child-parent psychotherapy (CPP) within a sample of children experiencing homelessness. The secondary goal was to examine the promise of both interventions in improving parent/child outcomes.

Method: One hundred forty-four young children (18 month-5 years old; = 3.

Examining the Efficacy of Online Administration of a Time-Limited School Readiness Intervention in the Face of COVID-19.

Although the efficacy of online administration of behavioral parent training (BPT) programs is well-established, such programs address a single risk factor (behavioral functioning) for school readiness difficulties (comprised of academics, cognitive skills, and social, emotional, and behavioral functioning). The current study aims to examine the feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy of a telemedicine delivery of the School Readiness Parenting Program (SRPP), an integrative adaptation of PCIT designed to address the behavioral and academic domains of school readiness. The present study takes the first step towards validating an online administration of the SRPP as a treatment for early childhood disruptive behavior.

Investigating routine care non-pharmacological treatment for adolescents with ADHD.

Objective: To characterize routine non-pharmacological care for youth with ADHD.

Methods: 76 audio-recorded work-samples were collected from community mental health therapists in a large metropolitan area in the United States and were analyzed for operationally defined practice elements commonly included in evidence-based non-pharmacological treatment for ADHD. Analyses characterized community provider practices and examined predictors of using evidence-based (vs.

Structural and diffusion-weighted brain imaging predictors of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and its symptomology in very young (4- to 7-year-old) children.

The current study aimed to identify the key neurobiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), as it relates to ADHD diagnostic category and symptoms of hyperactive/impulsive behaviour and inattention. To do so, we adapted a predictive modelling approach to identify the key structural and diffusion-weighted brain imaging measures and their relative standing with respect to teacher ratings of executive function (EF) (measured by the Metacognition Index of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function [BRIEF]) and negativity and emotion regulation (ER) (measured by the Emotion Regulation Checklist [ERC]), in a critical young age range (ages 4 to 7, mean age 5.52 years, 82.

Addressing Mental Health and Trauma-Related Needs of Sheltered Children and Families with Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT).

Children and adolescents ("youth") experiencing homelessness are at a disproportionately high risk of exposure to potentially traumatic events (PTE). However, limited evidence exists as to what interventions are effective when implemented with this high-risk population. The purpose of this study was to (1) document the mental health and trauma-related needs of sheltered youth and their mothers, and (2) examine the feasibility/effectiveness of Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) administered within the context of a homeless shelter.

Individual Differences in Germ Spreading Behaviors Among Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: The Role of Executive Functioning.

Objective: Infectious diseases, such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), are commonly transmitted by respiratory droplets and contact with contaminated surfaces. Individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are more likely to be infected with COVID-19 and experience more hospitalizations than individuals without ADHD. The current study investigated the role of ADHD symptomatology and executive functioning (EF) in germ spreading behavior frequency among young children with and without ADHD and parenting responses to these behaviors.

How much and what: Using a buffet to determine self-regulation of food intake among young school-age children.

Energy compensation indices are commonly used to examine self-regulation of food intake in children. However, previous studies failed to consider children's ability to self-regulate under complete autonomy. This study examined self-regulation of food intake among young children and the effect of calorie manipulation on food/nutrient intake using an unlimited lunch buffet paradigm.

Adverse childhood experiences predict neurite density differences in young children with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) put millions of children at risk for later health problems. As childhood represents a critical developmental period, it is important to understand how ACEs impact brain development in young children. In addition, children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are more likely than typically developing (TD) peers to experience ACEs.

Targeting Pediatric Obesity via a Healthy Lifestyle Summer Camp Intervention: How Necessary Is a Parenting Component?

Pediatric obesity represents a significant public health concern, especially for Hispanic school-aged children. This study examined via a randomized trial the efficacy of a family-based intervention [Healthy Lifestyle Summer Camp and Parenting program (HLSC+HLPP)] compared with a child-based camp intervention [Healthy Lifestyle Summer Camp (HLSC)] on improving child and parent health outcomes. Participants included 24 children ( = 11 HLSC+HLPP;  = 13 HLSC) with a mean age of 6.

Community Implementation of MI-Enhanced Behavior Therapy for Adolescent ADHD: Linking Fidelity to Effectiveness.

Evidence-based behavior therapy for adolescent ADHD faces implementation challenges in real-world settings. The purpose of this trial was to investigate the relationship between implementation fidelity and outcomes among adolescents receiving services in the active treatment arm (N = 114; Motivational Interviewing [MI]-enhanced parent-teen behavior therapy) of a community-based randomized trial of adolescent ADHD treatment. Participants received therapy from community clinicians (N = 44) at four agencies in a large, ethnically diverse metropolitan setting.

Is there any incremental benefit to conducting neuroimaging and neurocognitive assessments in the diagnosis of ADHD in young children? A machine learning investigation.

Given the negative trajectories of early behavior problems associated with ADHD, early diagnosis is considered critical to enable intervention and treatment. To this end, the current investigation employed machine learning to evaluate the relative predictive value of parent/teacher ratings, behavioral and neural measures of executive function (EF) in predicting ADHD in a sample consisting of 162 young children (ages 4-7, mean age 5.55, 82.

Individual differences in white matter of the uncinate fasciculus and inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus: possible early biomarkers for callous-unemotional behaviors in young children with disruptive behavior problems.

Background: Callous-unemotional (CU) behaviors are important for identifying severe patterns of conduct problems (CP). One major fiber tract implicated in the development of CP is the uncinate fasciculus (UF), which connects amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). The goals of the current study were to (a) explore differences in the white matter microstructure in the UF and other major fiber tracks between young typically developing (TD) children and those with a disruptive behavior disorder (DBD) and (b) explore, within the DBD group, whether individual differences in these white matter tracts relate to co-occurring CP and CU behaviors.

Stakeholder-Generated Implementation Strategies to Promote Evidence-Based ADHD Treatment in Community Mental Health.

Community implementation of evidence-based practices (EBPs) for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is greatly lacking. A recent randomized community-based trial of an EBP for ADHD (Supporting Teens' Autonomy Daily; STAND) demonstrated suboptimal implementation and effectiveness outcomes. In the present study, we conducted an Innovation Tournament (IT) with agency staff stakeholders (N = 26) to identify barriers to successful implementation of STAND and implementation strategies for a revised service delivery model.

Intervention response among preschoolers with ADHD: The role of emotion understanding.

Emotion recognition/understanding (ERU), which is the ability to correctly identify emotional states in others as well as one's self, plays a key role in children's social-emotional development and is often targeted in early intervention programs. Yet the extent to which young children's ERU predicts their intervention response remains unclear. The current study examined the extent to which initial levels of ERU and changes in ERU predicted intervention response to a multimodal early intervention program (Summer Treatment Program for Pre-Kindergarteners; STP-PreK).

Treatment Response among Preschoolers with Disruptive Behavior Disorders: The Role of Temperament and Parenting.

: This study examined associations between temperament (negative affect, effortful control, and surgency) and symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) within a diverse preschool sample. Interactions between temperament and parenting in the prediction of ADHD/ODD symptoms and an 8-week early intervention program (i.e.

The Cost-Effectiveness of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy: Examining Standard, Intensive, and Group Adaptations.

This study examined the cost-effectiveness of standard parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT) and three adaptations: intensive-PCIT (I-PCIT), small group PCIT, and large group PCIT. This study used cost-effectiveness analyses to calculate average cost-effectiveness ratios, which represents the average cost for one family to change one standard deviation on each outcome measure: externalizing behavior problems, positive parenting skills, negative parenting skills, child compliance, and parenting stress. While it had the lowest initial set up cost, results indicated that standard PCIT was the least cost-effective option in reducing child disruptive behaviors and in increasing child compliance.