In Vitro Toxicokinetics and Phase I Biotransformation of the Mycotoxin Penitrem A in Dogs.

The tremorgenic mycotoxin penitrem A is produced by species as a secondary metabolite on moldy food and feed. Dogs are sometimes exposed to penitrem A by consumption of spoiled food waste or fallen fruit. The lipophilic toxin crosses the blood-brain barrier and targets neuroreceptors and neurotransmitter release mechanisms in the central and peripheral nervous systems.