Validation of a procedure to mix homogenous solutions in bags and syringes.

Objectives: It is essential to obtain homogeneous drug mixtures, especially when only a fraction of the prepared dose is to be administered. This study aimed to validate a manual mixing method for guaranteeing homogeneity.

Methods: One operator tested six standardised manual mixing techniques (one, five and 10 inversions, and one, five and 10 bottoms-up agitations) six times each for preparations in bags and syringes.

Selenium protects the hypoxia induced apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells through upregulation of Bcl-2.

Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient as well as a toxic trace element in animal and human nutrition. The effects of Se in the immune system and some diseases are well documented. The objective of the present study was to examine the role of Se in reducing the hypoxia induced apoptosis in neuroblastoma cell line.

Antioxidant activities of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) during hypoxia induced oxidative stress in glial cells.

The present study reports the cytoprotective and antioxidant properties of alcoholic leaf extract of seabuckthorn (SBT) against hypoxia induced oxidative stress in C-6 glioma cells. Exposure of cells to hypoxia for 12 h resulted in a significant increase in cytotoxicity and decrease in mitochondrial transmembrane potential compared to the controls. Further an appreciable increase in nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was noted which in turn was responsible for fall in intracellular antioxidant levels and GSH/GSSG ratio.

Lead induced oxidative stress: beneficial effects of Kombucha tea.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of oral administration of Kombucha tea (K-tea) on lead induced oxidative stress.

Methods: Sprague Dawley rats were administered 1 mL of 3.8% lead acetate solution daily alone or in combination with K-tea orally for 45 d, and the antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation were evaluated.

Role of selenium in reducing hypoxia-induced oxidative stress: an in vivo study.

At high altitudes, the reactive oxygen species are continuously generated as a consequence of low oxygen partial pressure (hypoxia), which causes tissue damage. The body's defence system to combat the oxidative stress (e.g.

Cyto-protective and immunomodulating properties of Amla (Emblica officinalis) on lymphocytes: an in-vitro study.

The fruits extracts of Emblica officinalis (Amla) has been reported to have strong anti-oxidant properties. There is a paucity of studies on the immunomodulatory properties of fruit extracts of Amla in immuno-compromised states, with the emphasis on lymphocytes. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine the anti-oxidant and immunomodulatory properties of Amla using chromium (VI) as an immunosuppressive agent.

Antioxidant effect of beta-carotene on hypoxia induced oxidative stress in male albino rats.

Hypoxia is known to induce oxidative stress in organisms leading to tissue injury. In the present study beta-carotene (BC) given at 10 mg/kg body weight (BW) in reducing the oxidative stress induced by hypoxia was evaluated on male albino rats. Hypoxia exposure caused an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in plasma and tissues, a concurrent decrease in blood glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), plasma protein and plasma BC content.

Studies on toxicity, anti-stress and hepato-protective properties of Kombucha tea.

Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate toxicity, anti-stress activity and hepato-protective properties of Kombucha tea.

Method: Kombucha tea was fed orally for 15 days using three different doses i.e.

Effect of Kombucha tea on chromate(VI)-induced oxidative stress in albino rats.

The effect of Kombucha tea (KT) on oxidative stress induced changes in rats subjected to chromate treatment are reported. KT feeding alone did not show any significant change in malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, but did enhance humoral response and delayed type of hypersensitivity (DTH) response appreciably over control animals. Chromate treatment significantly enhanced plasma and tissue MDA levels, decreased DTH response considerably, enhanced glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities; however, no change in GSH, superoxide dismutase and antibody titres was noticed.

Characterization of human Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin-reactive CD8+ T cells.

Gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)-secreting CD4+ T cells have long been established as an essential component of the protective immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is now becoming evident from studies with the murine model of tuberculosis that an important role also exists for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-restricted CD8+ T cells. These cells are capable of acting as both IFN-gamma secretors and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) effectors; however, their exact role in immunity against tuberculosis remains unclear.

Effect of hypobaric hypoxia on immune function in albino rats.

The effect of exposure to hypoxia on macrophage activity, lymphocyte function and oxidative stress was investigated. Hypoxia enhanced peritoneal macrophage activity as revealed by enhanced phagocytosis and free radical production. There was no significant change in antibody titres to sheep red blood cells in either serum or spleen during hypoxia.