The Bangor Gambling Task: Computerized replication and reappraisal of an emotion-based decision task.

Emotion-based decision making (EBDM) is the capacity to make decisions based on prior emotional consequences of actions. Several neuropsychological tasks, using different gambling paradigms and with different levels of complexity, have been designed to assess EBDM. The Bangor Gambling Task (BGT) was created as a brief and simple card gambling-task to assess EBDM.

Urinary Arsenic Concentration and Its Relationship with Bronchial Asthma in Children from Arica, Chile.

In the city of Arica, northern Chile, the population has been involuntarily exposed to arsenic of natural and anthropogenic origin. This study aims to evaluate the association between urinary arsenic concentration and bronchial asthma diagnosis in the children of Arica. A cross-sectional analysis of a database of 1892 subjects under 18 years of age enrolled in the Environmental Health Centre between 2009 and 2021 was carried out.

Effect of periodontal treatment in patients with periodontitis and diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: The evidence is inconclusive regarding the effect of periodontal treatment on glycemic control and systemic inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and periodontitis. To evaluate the effect of scaling and root planing (SRP) on the metabolic control and systemic inflammation of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Methodology: A literature search was conducted using the MEDLINE database via PubMed and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, from their oldest records up to July 2018.

Structural Equation Modelling in the exploration and analysis of intrauterine environmental exposures with infant health effects.

Introduction: In epidemiology, generalized linear models are the main statistical methods used to explore associations. However, the use of other methods such as Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) is gradually increasing.

Objective: The aim of the study was to illustrate the use of SEM in the assessment of salivary cortisol concentration in infants as a biomarker of perinatal exposure to inorganic arsenic.

Is prenatal arsenic exposure associated with salivary cortisol in infants in Arica, Chile? An exploratory cohort study.

Introduction: In animal models, gestational exposure to inorganic arsenic has been associated with higher corticosterone concentration and consequent impairment of stress control in offspring. An equivalent association relating cortisol, a glucocorticoid hormone, in humans has not been previously studied.

Objective: The aim of the study was to explore the association between prenatal inorganic arsenic exposure and salivary cortisol in infants from Arica, Chile.

Urinary Inorganic Arsenic Concentration and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Pregnant Women from Arica, Chile.

The association of total arsenic exposure with impaired glucose tolerance and gestational diabetes has been shown; however, evidence regarding urinary inorganic arsenic in pregnant women is still limited. Our aim was to evaluate the association between urinary inorganic arsenic concentration and gestational diabetes among pregnant women living in Arica, Chile. Cross-sectional study of pregnant women receiving care at primary health centers in urban Arica.

[Cleft lip/palate and flour fortification with folic acid in Chile].

Background: The effect of food fortification with folic acid on the incidence of lip-palate fissures (FLP) is under discussion.

Aim: To calculate the rate of hospital discharges due to cleft lip and palate (CLP) and explore whether they decreased after the start of folic acid fortification in Chile.

Material And Methods: The hospital discharge databases published by the Chilean Ministry of Health were analyzed.

[Indoor air pollution by fine particulate matter in the homes of newborns].

Introduction: Air pollution by particulate matter (PM) is a major public health problem. In Chile, the study has focused on outdoor air and PM, rather than indoor air and PM. Because newborns and infants spend most of their time at home, it is necessary to evaluate the exposure to indoor air pollution in this susceptible population.

Geographical distribution of alcohol-attributable mortality in Chile: a Bayesian spatial analysis.

Objective: To describe the distribution of alcohol-attributable mortality (AAM) at the local level (345 municipalities) in Chile, including fully and partially attributable causes in 2009.

Methods: AAM was estimated for the population 15years of age and older using per capita alcohol consumption combined with survey estimates. The effect of alcohol on each cause of death was extracted from the published scientific literature.

Small area associations between social context and alcohol-attributable mortality in a middle income country.

Background: Little is known about the association between alcohol-attributable mortality and small area socioeconomic variables when considering causes both wholly and partially attributable to alcohol.

Methods: An ecological study was conducted of the entire Chilean population aged 15 and older in 345 municipalities nationwide between 2004 and 2009. Deaths were attributed to alcohol consumption either wholly or partially, along with the estimated attributable fractions for each specified cause.

[Interaction, synergy and antagonism in prospective epidemiological studies].

In public health there is a growing appreciation for the advantage of the additive scale to better understand the impacts of factors involved in a health event. It is necessary to always remember that the concept of statistical interaction is scale dependent. In the causal relationship between a response and the presence of two or more factors, the concepts interaction, synergy and antagonism are the key ideas.

Alcohol-attributable mortality and years of potential life lost in Chile in 2009.

Aims: The aim of the study was to estimate mortality and years of potential life lost (YPLL) attributable to alcohol consumption in 2009 in Chile.

Methods: The population considered for this study included those 15 years and over. Exposure to alcohol in the population was estimated by triangulating the records of alcohol per capita consumption in Chile with information from the Eighth National Study of Drugs in the General Population (2008).

Exposure to lead from a storage site associated with intellectual impairment in Chilean children living nearby.

This study assesses the degree of impairment of children's IQ scores due to exposure to lead from a storage site. In 2005, we studied 192 children in Antofagasta, Chile, age 7-16 years who had been exposed to a lead storage site from birth until its removal in 1998. We used past (1998) and current (2005) blood lead levels as explanatory variables for IQ, which was measured once in 2005 using the WISC-r test.

Higher infant blood lead levels with longer duration of breastfeeding.

Objective: To determine whether longer breastfeeding is associated with higher infant lead concentrations.

Study Design: Data were analyzed from 3 studies of developmental effects of iron deficiency in infancy: Costa Rica (1981-1984), Chile (1991-1996), and Detroit (2002-2003). The relation between duration of breastfeeding and lead levels was assessed with Pearson product-moment or partial correlation coefficients.

Multi-level modeling of social factors and preterm delivery in Santiago de Chile.

Background: Birth before the 37th week of gestation (preterm birth) is an important cause of infant and neonatal mortality, but has been little studied outside of wealthy nations. Chile is an urbanized Latin American nation classified as "middle-income" based on its annual income per capita of about $6000.

Methods: We studied the relations between maternal social status and neighborhood social status on risk of preterm delivery in this setting using multilevel regression analyses of vital statistics data linked to geocoded decennial census data.

[Social support as a protective factor of recurrence after drug addiction treatment].

Unlabelled: Lack of social support can be one of the factors that influences recurrences of drug consumption after treatment of addictions.

Aim: To assess the role of social support in maintaining drug abstinence after treatment.

Material And Methods: We studied 306 subjects that were treated in drug addiction centers, financed by the National Council for Drug Control (CONACE).

Breast-feeding and mental and motor development at 51/2 years.

Objective: Breast-feeding is associated with better child development outcomes, but uncertainty remains primarily due to the close relationship between breast-feeding and socioeconomic status. This study assesses the issue in a low socioeconomic status sample where breast-feeding was close to universal.

Methods: Seven hundred eighty-four Chilean children were followed longitudinally from infancy.

Rapid drop in infant blood lead levels during the transition to unleaded gasoline use in Santiago, Chile.

This study was conducted to relate blood lead levels in infants to changes in lead emissions in Santiago, Chile, a heavily polluted setting where leaded gasoline began to be replaced with unleaded gasoline in 1993. Over an 18-mo period, 422 infants had blood lead levels, cotinine, and iron status determined at 12 mo. Blood lead levels fell at an average rate of 0.

Exposure to inorganic arsenic in drinking water and total urinary arsenic concentration in a Chilean population.

The relationship of inorganic arsenic exposure through drinking water and total urinary arsenic excretion in a nonoccupationally exposed population was evaluated in a cross-sectional study in three mayor cities of Chile (Antofagasta, Santiago, and Temuco). A total of 756 individuals in three population strata (elderly, students, and workers) provided first morning void urine specimens the day after exposure and food surveys were administered. Arsenic intake from drinking water was estimated from analysis of tap water samples, plus 24-h dietary recall and food frequency questionnaires.

Fine particulate matter and wheezing illnesses in the first year of life.

Background: Recent evidence implicates fine particulate matter (PM2.5), principally from vehicular exhaust, as a major cause of increased mortality and morbidity. However, there are limited data on the impact of PM2.

Behavioral and developmental effects of preventing iron-deficiency anemia in healthy full-term infants.

Objective: To determine the behavioral and developmental effects of preventing iron-deficiency anemia in infancy.

Methods: Healthy full-term Chilean infants who were free of iron-deficiency anemia at 6 months were assigned to high- or low-iron groups or to high- or no-added-iron groups. Behavioral/developmental outcomes at 12 months of age included overall mental and motor test scores and specific measures of motor functioning, cognitive processing, and behavior.