Pathology Resident Evaluation During the Pandemic: Testing and Implementation of a Comprehensive Online Pathology Exam.

Despite global digitization, evaluating pathology trainees by paper exams remains the norm. As new social distancing practices require new ways of administering exams, we assessed the viability of an online format for in-house exams from the resident and examiner perspectives. First, pathology residents participated in a practice exam, while staff who were experienced in creating exams were given an online exam-creation demonstration.

Transfusion Camp: a prospective evaluation of a transfusion education program for multispecialty postgraduate trainees.

Background: The optimal method of providing transfusion medicine (TM) education has not been determined. Transfusion Camp was established in 2012 at the University of Toronto as a centrally delivered TM education program for postgraduate trainees. The impact of Transfusion Camp on knowledge, attitudes, and self-reported behavior was evaluated.

Cell-cycle arrest by PD184352 requires inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2 but not ERK5/BMK1.

Serum and growth factors activate both the canonical extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 pathway and the ERK5/big mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (BMK) 1 pathway. Pharmacological inhibition of the ERK1/2 pathway using PD98059 and U0126 prevents cyclin D1 expression and inhibits cell proliferation, arguing that the ERK1/2 pathway is rate limiting for cell-cycle re-entry. However, both PD98059 and U0126 also inhibit the ERK5/BMK1 pathway, raising the possibility that the anti-proliferative effect of such drugs may be due to inhibition of ERK5 or both pathways.