The PLA inhibitor from Crotalus durissus terrificus blood plasma (CNF) inhibits group III-PLA from honeybee venom.

Crotalus neutralizing factor (CNF) is an endogenous glycoprotein from Crotalus durissus terrificus snake blood that inhibits secretory phospholipases A (sPLA) from the Viperid but not from Elapid venoms (subgroups IA and IIA, respectively). In the present study, we demonstrated that CNF can inhibit group III-PLA from bee venom by forming a stable enzyme-inhibitor complex. This finding opens up new possibilities for the potential use of CNF and/or CNF-based derivatives in the therapeutics of bee stings.

Mapping possible interaction sites for crotoxin in CNF, a gamma PLA inhibitor from Crotalus durissus terrificus rattle snake, using SPOT synthesis.

Phospholipases A (PLAs) are main components of snake venoms. Several snake species possess endogenous PLA inhibitors in their circulating blood, which are generally known as sbPLIs (an acronym for snake blood phospholipase Ainhibitors). The sbPLIs are categorized in three classes (alpha, beta or gamma) depending on the existence of distinguishing protein domains in their structure.

Structural basis of the myotoxic inhibition of the Bothrops pirajai PrTX-I by the synthetic varespladib.

Varespladib (LY315920) is a potent inhibitor of human group IIA phospholipase A (PLA) originally developed to control inflammatory cascades of diseases associated with high or dysregulated levels of endogenous PLA. Recently, varespladib was also found to inhibit snake venom PLA and PLA-like toxins. Herein, ex vivo neuromuscular blocking activity assays were used to test the inhibitory activity of varespladib.

Varespladib (LY315920) prevents neuromuscular blockage and myotoxicity induced by crotoxin on mouse neuromuscular preparations.

Varespladib (LY315920) is a synthetic phospholipase A (PLA) inhibitor that has been demonstrating antiophidic potential against snake venoms that present PLA neurotoxins. In this study, we evaluate the capacity of Varespladib to inhibit the neuromuscular effects of crotoxin (CTX), the main toxic component of Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom, and its PLA subunit (CB). We performed a myographic study to compare the neuromuscular effects of CTX or CB and the mixture of these substances plus Varespladib in mice phrenic nerve-diaphragm muscle preparations.

Hepatitis B and C prevalence in waste pickers: a global meta-analysis.

Background: The objective of this research was to use a meta-analysis to understand the prevalence of hepatitis B or C in waste pickers worldwide.

Methods: Epidemiological studies on hepatitis B and C in waste pickers were included adopting a systematic review with meta-analysis. Each selected article had its quality scored by all authors, evaluated according to the Loney's criteria, and evaluated for quality and bias verified with a funnel plot.

Crotalus Neutralizing Factor (CNF) inhibits the toxic effects of Crotoxin at mouse neuromuscular preparations.

Crotalus Neutralizing Factor (CNF) was the first phospholipase A inhibitor isolated from the plasma of the South American rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus terrificus). Previous biochemical and biophysical studies demonstrate an interaction of CNF with Crotoxin (CTX), the main toxic component in the venom of these snakes. CTX promotes the blockade of neuromuscular transmission by a sum of neurotoxic and myotoxic activities.

Identification and characterization of the first endogenous phospholipase A inhibitor from a non-venomous tropical snake, (Serpentes: Boidae).

Background: Endogenous phospholipase A inhibitors from snake blood (sbPLIs) have been isolated from several species around the world, with the primary function of self-protection against the action of toxic phospholipases A In American snakes, sbPLIs were solely described in pit vipers, in which the natural protection role is justified. In this study, we described a sbPLI in (popularly known as ), a non-venomous snake species from America.

Methods: PLA inhibitory activity was tested in the blood plasma of using venom as the enzyme source.

Immunodetection of toxins in historesin-embedded sections of Phoneutria nigriventer venom glands using laser confocal scanning microscopy.

In the last decades, main advances were achieved in the identification, structural and pharmacological characterization of Phoneutria nigriventer toxins. However, studies on the venom-producing apparatus are rare. Presently, we applied immunolabeling to historesin-embedded cross-sections of P.

Identification, description and structural analysis of beta phospholipase A inhibitors (sbβPLIs) from Latin American pit vipers indicate a binding site region for basic snake venom phospholipases A.

Several snake species possess, in their circulating blood, endogenous PLA inhibitors (sbPLIs) with the primary function of natural protection against toxic enzymes from homologous and heterologous venoms. Among the three structural classes of sbPLIs - named α, β, and γ - the β class (sbβPLIs) is the least known with only four identified sequences, so far. The last class of inhibitors encompass molecules with leucine rich repeats (LRRs) motifs containing repeating amino acid segments.

Insights on the structure of native CNF, an endogenous phospholipase A2 inhibitor from Crotalus durissus terrificus, the South American rattlesnake.

Several snake species possess endogenous phospholipase A2 inhibitors (sbPLIs) in their blood plasma, the primary role of which is protection against an eventual presence of toxic phospholipase A2 (PLA2) from their venom glands in the circulation. These inhibitors have an oligomeric structure of, at least, three subunits and have been categorized into three classes (α, β and γ) based on their structural features. SbγPLIs have been further subdivided into two subclasses according to their hetero or homomeric nature, respectively.

Production of full-length cDNA sequences by sequencing and analysis of expressed sequence tags from Schistosoma mansoni.

The number of sequences generated by genome projects has increased exponentially, but gene characterization has not followed at the same rate. Sequencing and analysis of full-length cDNAs is an important step in gene characterization that has been used nowadays by several research groups. In this work, we have selected Schistosoma mansoni clones for full-length sequencing, using an algorithm that investigates the presence of the initial methionine in the parasite sequence based on the positions of alignment start between two sequences.