Prolonged storage reduces viability of and core intestinal bacteria in fecal microbiota transplantation preparations for dogs.

Introduction: Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been described useful as an adjunct treatment for chronic enteropathy in dogs. Different protocols can be used to prepare and store FMT preparations, however, the effect of these methods on microbial viability is unknown. We aimed (1) to assess the viability of several core intestinal bacterial species by qPCR and (2) to assess () viability through culture to further characterize bacterial viability in different protocols for FMT preparations.

Dysbiosis index and fecal concentrations of sterols, long-chain fatty acids and unconjugated bile acids in dogs with inflammatory protein-losing enteropathy.

Introduction: Canine protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) is a syndrome characterized by gastrointestinal loss of proteins. While fecal microbiome and metabolome perturbations have been reported in dogs with chronic enteropathy, they have not been widely studied in dogs with PLE. Therefore, the study aims were to investigate gut microbiome and targeted fecal metabolites in dogs with inflammatory PLE (iPLE) and evaluate whether treatment affects these changes at short-term follow-up.

Brunner's gland adenomas in two cats.

Case Series Summary: Two cats, aged 13.5 and 14 years, presented with duodenal masses ultimately diagnosed as Brunner's gland (BG) adenomas. In the first cat, the lesion was a firm, pale tan, proximal duodenal polyp adjacent to the major duodenal papilla that was composed histologically of a well demarcated, expansile mass of well-differentiated BGs separated by fibrovascular septa and few adipocytes.

Myosin heavy-chain myopathy in 2 American quarter horses.

A 1.5-year-old American quarter horse gelding (case 1) and an 11-month-old American quarter horse filly (case 2) were presented for acute onset pelvic lameness and lethargy. Case 1 had nasal discharge, while case 2 developed rapid muscle atrophy.

Enhanced mucosal response in sheep harbouring β beta-globin against haemonchosis.

Association between ovine β-globin polymorphisms and resistance against haemonchosis was described and related to the mechanism of high oxygen affinity β ➔ β switch during anaemia, but there are no studies regarding the involved local host responses. Phenotypic parameters and local responses were evaluated in sheep from two β-globin haplotypes naturally infected with Haemonchus contortus. Morada Nova lambs were monitored at 63, 84 and 105 days of age for faecal egg counts and packed cell volume (PCV) under natural infection with H.

Neurologic and cutaneous infection by in a kitten with systemic Tyzzer disease.

Tyzzer disease (TD) is a highly fatal condition of animals caused by and characterized pathologically by enteritis, hepatitis, myocarditis, and occasionally encephalitis. Cutaneous lesions have been reported only rarely in animals with TD, and infection of the nervous system has not been described in cats, to our knowledge. We describe here neurologic and cutaneous infection by in a shelter kitten with systemic manifestations of TD and coinfection with feline panleukopenia virus.

Utility of fluorescence imitating brightfield imaging microscopy for the diagnosis of feline chronic enteropathy.

Fluorescence imitating brightfield imaging (FIBI) is a novel microscopy method that allows for real-time, nondestructive, slide-free tissue imaging of fresh, formalin-fixed, or paraffin-embedded tissue. The nondestructive nature of the technology permits tissue preservation for downstream analyses. The objective of this observational study was to assess the utility of FIBI compared with conventional hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained histology slides in feline gastrointestinal histopathology.

Detection of invasive in dogs with granulomatous colitis using immunohistochemistry.

Granulomatous colitis in dogs can be associated with infection of the colonic mucosa by invasive strains of . To date, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is the gold-standard method to assess intramucosal and intracellular bacterial invasion. However, FISH requires expensive fluorescence microscopy equipment and is therefore not widely available.

Immunohistochemical Expression of Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis Markers in Archived Liver Specimens from Dogs with Chronic Hepatitis.

Chronic hepatitis (CH) in dogs is histologically characterized by an inflammatory infiltration of the liver accompanied by hepatocellular apoptosis or necrosis, varying degrees of fibrosis and regeneration. Oxidative stress has been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of various liver diseases, including CH. This study assessed the immunohistochemical expression of markers of oxidative stress (4-hydroxynonenal [4-HNE] and malondialdehyde [MDA]) and apoptosis (active caspase-3 [casp-3]) in 35 surplus archived formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded liver biopsies from 25 dogs with CH and 10 control dogs that had no significant hepatic changes.

Laboratory diagnosis of Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile infection in domestic animals: A short review.

Despite the known importance of Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile infection (CDI) in animals, there are no published guidelines for the diagnosis of CDI. The performance of the available commercial methods, all standardized for human stool samples, can vary according to the animal species. Thus, the aim of the present study was to review the literature on the detection of C.

Immunophenotype of the inflammatory response in the central and enteric nervous systems of cockatiels () experimentally infected with parrot bornavirus 2.

Proventricular dilatation disease is a lethal disease of psittacine birds. In this study, we characterized the local cellular immune response in the brain, proventriculus, and small intestine of 27 cockatiels () experimentally infected with parrot bornavirus 2 (PaBV-2). Perivascular cuffs in the brain were composed of CD3+ T-lymphocytes and Iba1+ macrophages/microglia in most cockatiels (n = 26).

Differentiation of lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteropathy and small cell lymphoma in cats using histology-guided mass spectrometry.

Background: Differentiation of lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteropathy (LPE) from small cell lymphoma (SCL) in cats can be challenging.

Hypothesis/objective: Histology-guided mass spectrometry (HGMS) is a suitable method for the differentiation of LPE from SCL in cats.

Animals: Forty-one cats with LPE and 52 cats with SCL.

Bacterial Biogeography of the Colon in Dogs With Chronic Inflammatory Enteropathy.

The intestinal microbiota is believed to play a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease in humans and chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CIE) in dogs. While most previous studies have described the gut microbiota using sequencing methods, it is fundamental to assess the spatial distribution of the bacteria for a better understanding of their relationship with the host. The microbiota in the colonic mucosa of 22 dogs with CIE and 11 control dogs was investigated using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with a universal eubacterial probe (EUB338) and specific probes for select bacterial groups.

Comparison of 2 fixatives in the porcine colon for in situ microbiota studies.

Fixation is the first step towards preservation of tissues and can impact downstream histological applications. Historically, formalin has been the fixative of choice in both research and clinical settings due to cost, accessibility, and broad applicability. Here, we describe a method for collection of porcine colon, and compare the usage of Carnoy's solution (CS) to a 10% neutral buffered formalin (NBF) in tissue fixation.

Enhanced protective efficacy of Borrelia burgdorferi BB0172 derived-peptide based vaccine to control Lyme disease.

Lyme disease (LD) accounts for over 70% of tick-borne disease reported in the United States. The disease in humans is characterized by skin rash, arthritis, cardiac and neurological signs. Vaccination is the most efficient preventive measure that could be taken to reduce the incidence of the LD worldwide; however, at present no vaccine is available.

Comparison of intestinal expression of the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter between dogs with and without chronic inflammatory enteropathy.

Background: Intestinal absorption of bile acids is mediated by the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT). Fecal bile acid dysmetabolism has been reported in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CIE).

Objective: Characterization of ASBT distribution along the intestinal tract of control dogs and comparison to dogs with CIE.

Distribution of Viral Antigen and Inflammatory Lesions in the Central Nervous System of Cockatiels ( Nymphicus hollandicus) Experimentally Infected with Parrot Bornavirus 2.

Neurotropism is a striking characteristic of bornaviruses, including parrot bornavirus 2 (PaBV-2). Our study evaluated the distribution of inflammatory foci and viral nucleoprotein (N) antigen in the brain and spinal cord of 27 cockatiels ( Nymphicus hollandicus) following experimental infection with PaBV-2 by injection into the pectoral muscle. Tissue samples were taken at 12 timepoints between 5 and 114 days post-inoculation (dpi).

Distribution of bile acid receptor TGR5 in the gastrointestinal tract of dogs.

Takeda-G-protein-receptor-5 (TGR5) is a receptor for bile acids and its expression has been described in a variety of tissues and species. Characterization of TGR5 distribution and function has been investigated in drug discovery for the treatment of metabolic diseases in humans. Because dogs are one of the species used in biomedical research and share some similarities with human gastrointestinal diseases, the objective of this study was to characterize the distribution of TGR5 receptor in the canine species.

From nerves to brain to gastrointestinal tract: A time-based study of parrot bornavirus 2 (PaBV-2) pathogenesis in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus).

Parrot bornaviruses (PaBVs) are the causative agents of proventricular dilatation disease, however key aspects of its pathogenesis, such as route of infection, viral spread and distribution, and target cells remain unclear. Our study aimed to track the viral spread and lesion development at 5, 10, 20, 25, 35, 40, 60, 80, 95 and 114 dpi using histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and RT-PCR. After intramuscular inoculation of parrot bornavirus 2 (PaBV-2) in the pectoral muscle of cockatiels, this virus was first detected in macrophages and lymphocytes in the inoculation site and adjacent nerves, then reached the brachial plexus, centripetally spread to the thoracic segment of the spinal cord, and subsequently invaded the other spinal segments and brain.