Repeated nuclear translocations underlie photoreceptor positioning and lamination of the outer nuclear layer in the mammalian retina.

In development, almost all stratified neurons must migrate from their birthplace to the appropriate neural layer. Photoreceptors reside in the most apical layer of the retina, near their place of birth. Whether photoreceptors require migratory events for fine-positioning and/or retention within this layer is not well understood.

Transplanted Donor- or Stem Cell-Derived Cone Photoreceptors Can Both Integrate and Undergo Material Transfer in an Environment-Dependent Manner.

Human vision relies heavily upon cone photoreceptors, and their loss results in permanent visual impairment. Transplantation of healthy photoreceptors can restore visual function in models of inherited blindness, a process previously understood to arise by donor cell integration within the host retina. However, we and others recently demonstrated that donor rod photoreceptors engage in material transfer with host photoreceptors, leading to the host cells acquiring proteins otherwise expressed only by donor cells.

Serious Bacterial Infections Acquired During Treatment of Patients Given a Diagnosis of Chronic Lyme Disease - United States.

The term "chronic Lyme disease" is used by some health care providers as a diagnosis for various constitutional, musculoskeletal, and neuropsychiatric symptoms (1,2). Patients with a diagnosis of chronic Lyme disease have been provided a wide range of medications as treatment, including long courses of intravenous (IV) antibiotics (3,4). Studies have not shown that such treatments lead to substantial long-term improvement for patients, and they can be harmful (1,5).

Genetic Variation in the IL-6 and HLA-DQB1 Genes Is Associated with Spontaneous Clearance of Hepatitis C Virus Infection.

Background. Millions of people are infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) worldwide and 30% spontaneously clear the infection. Reasons for HCV clearance without antiviral treatment are not well understood.

Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Gene Expression Remains Broadly Altered Years after Successful Interferon-Based Hepatitis C Virus Treatment.

Background: Inflammatory gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) is altered in chronic Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection. Duration of changes after pegylated interferon- (peg-IFN-) based HCV treatment is unclear.

Methods: PBMC mRNA expression of 184 inflammatory response genes was analyzed (nCounter GX Human Inflammation Kit, Nanostring) from peg-IFN treatment nonresponders (NR, n = 18), sustained virologic responders (SVR, n = 22), and spontaneous clearers (SC, n = 15).

Expression of Mitochondrial Cytochrome C Oxidase Chaperone Gene (COX20) Improves Tolerance to Weak Acid and Oxidative Stress during Yeast Fermentation.

Introduction: Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the micro-organism of choice for the conversion of fermentable sugars released by the pre-treatment of lignocellulosic material into bioethanol. Pre-treatment of lignocellulosic material releases acetic acid and previous work identified a cytochrome oxidase chaperone gene (COX20) which was significantly up-regulated in yeast cells in the presence of acetic acid.

Results: A Δcox20 strain was sensitive to the presence of acetic acid compared with the background strain.

Acute flaccid paralysis with anterior myelitis - California, June 2012-June 2014.

In August 2012, the California Department of Public Health (CDPH) was contacted by a San Francisco Bay area clinician who requested poliovirus testing for an unvaccinated man aged 29 years with acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) associated with anterior myelitis (i.e., evidence of inflammation of the spinal cord involving the grey matter including anterior horn cell bodies) and no history of international travel during the month before symptom onset.

MicroRNA and hepatitis C virus--challenges in investigation and translation: a review of the literature.

Investigations into the role of microRNA (miRNA) in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, disease pathogenesis and host immune and treatment response have potential to produce innovations in diagnosis, prognosis and therapy. However, investigational challenges remain in generating clinically useful and reproducible results. We review the literature with a primary emphasis on methods and technologies used to construct our current understanding of miRNA and HCV disease.

Acetaminophen, phenacetin and dipyrone do not modulate pressor responses to arachidonic Acid or to pressor agents.

In contrast to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), the nonopioid analgesics phenacetin, acetaminophen and dipyrone exhibit weak anti-inflammatory properties. An explanation for this difference in pharmacologic activity was provided by the recent discovery of a new cyclooxygenase isoform, cyclooxygenase (COX)-3, that is reported to be inhibited by phenacetin, acetaminophen and dipyrone. However, COX-3 was found to be a spliced variant of COX-1 and renamed COX-1b.

Potential application for mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

Stem cells isolated from various sources have been shown to vary in their differentiation capacity or pluripotentiality. Two groups of stem cells, embryonic and adult stem cells, may be capable of differentiating into any desired tissue or cell type, which offers hope for the development of therapeutic applications for a large number of disorders. However, major limitations with the use of embryonic stem cells for human disease have led researchers to focus on adult stem cells as therapeutic agents.