Potential-dependent single molecule blinking dynamics for flavin adenine dinucleotide covalently immobilized in zero-mode waveguide array of working electrodes.

Single molecules exhibit a set of behaviors that are characteristic and distinct from larger ensembles. Blinking is one such behavior that involves episodic transitions between luminescent and dark states. In addition to the common blinking mechanisms, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), a cofactor in many common redox enzymes, exhibits blinking by cycling between a highly fluorescent oxidized state and a dark reduced state.