A pre- and postnatal immune challenge influences muscle growth and metabolism in weaned pigs.

The in utero environment is key to both fetal and postnatal growth and development. The objective of this study was to determine if administration of an acute low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to gestating sows during mid to late gestation and postweaning would alter the offsprings metabolomic profile of the longissimus dorsi (LD) and muscle ultrastructure. Pregnant Camborough sows were randomly assigned to receive LPS (LPS; n = 7) at a dose of 2.

The effect of methionine supplementation on receiving beef steers following a lipopolysaccharide challenge.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of methionine supplementation prior to and during a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge on the performance and inflammatory biomarkers of receiving beef steers. Steers ( = 65; 295.8 ± 46.

Effects of Premortem Stress on Protein Expression, Steak Color, Oxidation, and Myofibrillar Fragmentation Index in the .

Forty castrated Holstein calves underwent an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) challenge to assess the effects of premortem stress on the (LL) following harvest. LL biopsies were collected before the challenge, at different harvest times (2, 12, 24, and 48 h; = 10), and after 14 d aging. The expression of small heat shock proteins (SHSPs), deglycase 1 (DJ-1), and troponin were analyzed.

Development of an experimental model for liver abscess induction in Holstein steers using an acidotic diet challenge and bacterial inoculation.

Holstein steers (n = 40; initial BW = 84.9 ± 7.1 kg) were used to study the genesis of liver abscesses (LA) using an acidotic diet challenge with or without intraruminal bacterial inoculation.

Longitudinal Assessment of Prevalence and Incidence of and O157 Resistance to Antimicrobials in Feedlot Cattle Sourced and Finished in Two Different Regions of the United States.

The objective was to investigate the influence of cattle origin and region of finishing on the prevalence of , O157:H7, and select antimicrobial resistance in populations. Yearling heifers ( = 190) were utilized in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. After determining fecal prevalence, heifers were sorted into one of four treatments: heifers originating from South Dakota (SD) and finished in SD (SD-SD); heifers originating from SD and finished in Texas (SD-TX); heifers originating from TX and finished in SD (TX-SD); and heifers originating from TX and finished in TX (TX-TX).

Antibimicrobial Susceptibility of Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole and 3rd-Generation Cephalosporin-Resistant Isolates Enumerated Longitudinally from Feedlot Arrival to Harvest in High-Risk Beef Cattle Administered Common Metaphylactic Antimicrobials.

Multidrug resistant (MDR) threaten the preservation of antimicrobials to treat infections in humans and livestock. Thus, it is important to understand where antimicrobial-resistant persist and factors that contribute to its their development. Crossbred cattle ( = 249; body weight = 244 kg ±25 kg standard deviation) were blocked by arrival date and assigned metaphylactic antimicrobial treatments of sterile saline control, tulathromycin (TUL), ceftiofur, or florfenicol at random.

Sexual Dimorphic Innate Immune Response to a Viral-Bacterial Respiratory Disease Challenge in Beef Calves.

The potential for sexually dimorphic innate immune responses to respiratory disease was evaluated, where eight steers and seven heifers (280 ± 4 kg) were subjected to a viral−bacterial respiratory disease challenge utilizing bovine herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1; intranasal; 1 × 108 PFU/nostril) and Mannheimia haemolytica (MH; intratracheal; 1.3 × 107 CFU/head) administered 72 h later. Body temperature was lesser in heifers than steers (p < 0.

The effects of administering different metaphylactic antimicrobials on growth performance and health outcomes of high-risk, newly received feedlot steers.

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the primary animal health concern facing feedlot producers. Many antimicrobial mitigation strategies are available, but few studies have compared feedlot performance during both the receiving and finishing periods following application of different antimicrobials used as metaphylaxis at arrival. The objective of this study was to compare antimicrobial metaphylaxis methods on clinical health and growth performance across both the receiving and finishing periods.

The effect of supplementing CLOSTAT 500 ( PB6) to yearling steers in a commercial feedyard on health, spp. prevalence, feedlot growth performance and carcass characteristics.

British and British × Continental crossbred beef steers, = 2,100; 313 ± 38 kg of initial body weight (BW) were used to evaluate the effects of supplementation to yearling steers in a commercial feedyard on health, prevalence of spp., growth performance, and carcass characteristics. Steers were blocked by arrival date and assigned randomly to pens within the block; pens were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 dietary treatments within block.

A porous ceramic particle with or without a preservative blend did not impair apparent digestibility of macro- and micro-nutrients of postweaned pigs.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of supplementing a commercial porous ceramic clay particle, with or without a blend of preservatives, on the performance and nutrient digestibility of weanling pigs. Fifteen weanling pigs of the Yorkshire, Landrace, and Duroc breeds were blocked by breed and randomly assigned to one of three treatments ( = 5): (1) Control, non-medicated diet with no additional feed additives (CON); (2) PowerGuard, basal diet with 0.25% of the DM consisting of a ceramic particle mixed into the pelleted feed (PG; MB Nutritional Sciences, Lubbock, TX, 79403); or (3) Power Guard + a blend of preservatives, basal diet with 0.

Metaphylactic antimicrobial effects on occurrences of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. measured longitudinally from feedlot arrival to harvest in high-risk beef cattle.

Aims: Our objective was to determine how injectable antimicrobials affected populations of Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. in feedlot cattle.

Methods And Results: Two arrival date blocks of high-risk crossbred beef cattle (n = 249; mean BW = 244 kg) were randomly assigned one of four antimicrobial treatments administered on day 0: sterile saline control (CON), tulathromycin (TUL), ceftiofur (CEF) or florfenicol (FLR).

Prenatal immune stimulation alters the postnatal acute phase and metabolic responses to an endotoxin challenge in weaned beef heifers.

This study evaluated whether administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at each trimester of gestation would alter the acute phase (APR) and metabolic responses to a postnatal LPS challenge in weaned heifers. Pregnant crossbred multiparous cows ( = 50) were randomized into prenatal immune stimulation (PIS; = 24; administered 0.1 µg/kg BW LPS subcutaneously at 71 ± 2, 170 ± 2 and 234 ± 2 d of gestation) and saline (CON; = 26) groups.

Zinc Source and Concentration Altered Physiological Responses of Beef Heifers during a Combined Viral-Bacterial Respiratory Challenge.

To determine the effects of zinc supplementation on the immune response to a combined viral-bacterial respiratory disease challenge, thirty-two beef heifers (255 ± 15 kg) were subjected to a 30-d period of Zn depletion, then randomly assigned to one of three treatment diets fed for 30 d before the challenge: (1) supplementation with 100 mg of Zn from Zn sulfate/kg of DM (Zn100), (2) supplementation with 200 mg of Zn from Zn sulfate/kg of DM (Zn200), and (3) supplementation with 80 mg of Zn/kg of DM from zinc methionine and 20 mg of Zn from Zn sulfate/kg of DM (ZinMet). After the 30-d supplementation period, all heifers were fitted with indwelling vaginal temperature (VT) devices and intra-nasally challenged with 1 × 10 PFU bovine herpesvirus-1 on d -3, and then allowed to rest in outdoor pens for 3 d. On d 0, each heifer was challenged intra-tracheally with an average dose of 2.

Evaluation of PB6 on feedlot phase growth performance, efficiency of dietary net energy utilization, and fecal and subiliac lymph node prevalence in spring placement yearling beef steers fed in southeastern South Dakota

Yearling crossbred beef steers [ = 238; initial shrunk body weight (BW) = 402 ± 31.2 kg] were used to investigate the influence of a probiotic on animal growth performance, efficiency of dietary net energy (NE) utilization, carcass characteristics, and fecal and subiliac lymph node prevalence during a 140-d finishing period at the Southeast Research Farm in Beresford, SD. Steers were allotted to 1 of 24 pens ( = 9-10 steers/pen) and assigned to 1 of 2 dietary treatments (12 pens/treatment): no probiotic (CON) or 0.

Influence of Yeast Products on Modulating Metabolism and Immunity in Cattle and Swine.

Nutritional supplementation has been used by livestock producers for many years in order to increase animal performance, improve animal health, and reduce negative effects associated with enteric and/or respiratory pathogens. Supplements such as yeast and yeast-based products have broad applications across many livestock production systems, including poultry, aquaculture, cattle, and swine and have been shown to benefit animal production at various stages. These benefits include improvement in milk production, weight gain and feed conversion, as well as immune function.

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Serovars Isolated from U.S. Retail Ground Pork.

One objective of this study was to determine overall prevalence of in ground pork from U.S. retail stores over three seasons including both case-ready and store-ground packages.

Correlation of Ambient Temperature With Feedlot Cattle Morbidity and Mortality in the Texas Panhandle.

Anecdotal data would suggest that weather patterns influence beef cattle health in feedyards, and cattle producers often associate the seasonality of some illnesses with changes in environmental temperatures. However, to our knowledge, there is little information from large-scale feeding operations and precision weather stations that establishes a link or lack thereof between weather patterns and cattle health. Additionally, we are unaware of any studies correlating other weather parameters with animal health data.

Modulation of the metabolic response using dexamethasone in beef steers vaccinated with a multivalent respiratory vaccine.

Available energy plays a critical role in the initiation and maintenance of an immune response to a pathogen, a process that is further altered by activation of the stress system. This study was designed to determine the effect of an acute vs chronic stress model on the metabolic response to vaccination in naïve beef steers. Steers ( = 32; 209 ± 8 kg) were blocked by body weight (BW) and randomly assigned to one of three treatments: 1) Chronic stress (CHR), 0.

Supplementation of OmniGen-AF improves the metabolic response to a glucose tolerance test in beef heifers.

This study determined whether feeding the immunomodulating supplement, OmniGen-AF, to feedlot heifers would alter metabolic profiles to a glucose tolerance test. Heifer calves ( = 32; 217 ± 2 kg) were allocated into two treatment diets: 1) Control, fed a standard receiving ration, and 2) OmniGen, fed the Control diet supplemented with OmniGen at 4.54 g/45 kg BW/d.

Immune Responses and Performance Are Influenced by Respiratory Vaccine Antigen Type and Stress in Beef Calves.

The study objective was to determine if a combined weaning and transportation stress model affected performance, antibody, endocrine, or hematological responses to modified-live virus (MLV) or killed virus (KV) respiratory vaccination in beef steers. In total, 48 calves (Day 0 BW = 226 ± 6.2 kg) from a single origin were used in a 2 × 2 factorial to evaluate main effects of stress model, vaccine type, and their interaction, resulting in four treatments ( = 12/treatment) including non-stress control (C) with KV (CKV), C with MLV (CMLV), stress model implementation (S) with KV (SKV), and S with MLV (SMLV).

Translocation of Orally Inoculated Following Mild Immunosuppression in Holstein Calves and the Presence of the in Ground Beef Samples.

The objective of this study was to determine if immunosuppression through daily dexamethasone (DEX) infusion altered translocation from the gastrointestinal tract. Weaned Holstein steers ( = 20; body weight [BW] = 102 ± 2.7 kg) received DEX ( = 10; 0.

PB6 Supplementation in Weaned Holstein Steers During an Experimental Challenge.

To evaluate the effects of a patented probiotic, weaned Holstein steers, not shedding ( = 40; ∼90 kg), were supplemented (CLO) or not (CON) with CLOSTAT (13 g/hd per day; Kemin Industries, Des Moines, IA) in a starter ration for 35 d. The calves were assigned to one of four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial design with CLO and CON calves that were orally administered (STM) or not (NoSTM). Calves were challenged with 1.

Some Negative Effects of Heat Stress in Feedlot Heifers May Be Mitigated via Yeast Probiotic Supplementation.

This study was designed to determine if supplementation of a combination live yeast and yeast cell wall product in feed could mitigate the negative impacts associated with heat stress (HS). Crossbred, phenotypically similar beef heifers ( = 32; BW = 385 ± 43 kg) were fed a standard finishing ration without (CON) or with a combination of a live yeast (1.5 g/hd/d) and yeast cell wall product (2.

Vaccination Management of Beef Cattle: Delayed Vaccination and Endotoxin Stacking.

Vaccination is a critical component of cattle health management. Effective cattle vaccine programs should consider the timing of vaccination in relation to expected disease challenge, risk for wild-type exposure of various bovine pathogens, and host factors during vaccination. Nearly all consulting veterinarians recommend vaccination of stressed, high-risk calves on feedlot arrival.