Serotyping Using Whole Genome Sequencing.

Until recently, traditional serology and the Kauffmann White Scheme (KWS) have been the gold standard for serotyping. Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) has now emerged as an alternative in this field. Serotype information remains a cornerstone in food safety and public health activities to reduce the burden of salmonellosis.

Microbiomes Associated With Foods From Plant and Animal Sources.

Food microbiome composition impacts food safety and quality. The resident microbiota of many food products is influenced throughout the farm to fork continuum by farming practices, environmental factors, and food manufacturing and processing procedures. Currently, most food microbiology studies rely on culture-dependent methods to identify bacteria.

Structure and function of the virulence-associated high-temperature requirement A of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

The high-temperature requirement A (HtrA) family of serine proteases has been shown to play an important role in the environmental and cellular stress damage control system in Escherichia coli. Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb) has three putative HtrA-like proteases, HtrA1, HtrA2, and HtrA3. The deletion of htrA2 gives attenuated virulence in a mouse model of TB.

Fibular fixation as an adjuvant to tibial intramedullary nailing in the treatment of combined distal third tibia and fibula fractures: a biomechanical investigation.

Objective: Distal third tibia fractures have classically been treated with standard plating, but intramedullary (IM) nailing has gained popularity. Owing to the lack of interference fit of the nail in the metaphyseal bone of the distal tibia, it may be beneficial to add rigid plating of the fibula to augment the overall stability of fracture fixation in this area. This study sought to assess the biomechanical effect of adding a fibular plate to standard IM nailing in the treatment of distal third tibia and fibula fractures.

The primary mechanism of attenuation of bacillus Calmette-Guerin is a loss of secreted lytic function required for invasion of lung interstitial tissue.

Tuberculosis remains a leading cause of death worldwide, despite the availability of effective chemotherapy and a vaccine. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), the tuberculosis vaccine, is an attenuated mutant of Mycobacterium bovis that was isolated after serial subcultures, yet the functional basis for this attenuation has never been elucidated. A single region (RD1), which is absent in all BCG substrains, was deleted from virulent M.

Mucosal DNA vaccination with highly attenuated Shigella is superior to attenuated Salmonella and comparable to intramuscular DNA vaccination for T cells against HIV.

An immunization strategy using attenuated bacteria to deliver DNA vaccine plasmids to mucosal sites may induce protective T cell responses against sexual HIV transmission. In a murine intranasal (i.n.