Identifying resource-rational heuristics for risky choice.

Perfectly rational decision making is almost always out of reach for people because their computational resources are limited. Instead, people may rely on computationally frugal heuristics that usually yield good outcomes. Although previous research has identified many such heuristics, discovering good heuristics and predicting when they will be used remains challenging.

Nongynecologic healthcare screening in women.

The primary care physician is bombarded with recommendations regarding health screening and preventive services. Often, these recommendations and guidelines are in conflict. This article will not settle these debates; however, it will provide an overview of recommendations for screening in nongynecologic areas and a framework on how to evaluate conflicting recommendations to give reasonable guidance to patients.

A computational process-tracing method for measuring people's planning strategies and how they change over time.

One of the most unique and impressive feats of the human mind is its ability to discover and continuously refine its own cognitive strategies. Elucidating the underlying learning and adaptation mechanisms is very difficult because changes in cognitive strategies are not directly observable. One important domain in which strategies and mechanisms are studied is planning.

Rational use of cognitive resources in human planning.

Making good decisions requires thinking ahead, but the huge number of actions and outcomes one could consider makes exhaustive planning infeasible for computationally constrained agents, such as humans. How people are nevertheless able to solve novel problems when their actions have long-reaching consequences is thus a long-standing question in cognitive science. To address this question, we propose a model of resource-constrained planning that allows us to derive optimal planning strategies.

Leveraging artificial intelligence to improve people's planning strategies.

SignificanceMany bad decisions and their devastating consequences could be avoided if people used optimal decision strategies. Here, we introduce a principled computational approach to improving human decision making. The basic idea is to give people feedback on how they reach their decisions.

Cognitive prostheses for goal achievement.

Procrastination takes a considerable toll on people's lives, the economy and society at large. Procrastination is often a consequence of people's propensity to prioritize their immediate experiences over the long-term consequences of their actions. This suggests that aligning immediate rewards with long-term values could be a promising way to help people make more future-minded decisions and overcome procrastination.

Evidence accumulation detected in BOLD signal using slow perceptual decision making.

Background: We assessed whether evidence accumulation could be observed in the BOLD signal during perceptual decision making. This presents a challenge since the hemodynamic response is slow, while perceptual decisions are typically fast.

New Method: Guided by theoretical predictions of the drift diffusion model, we slowed down decisions by penalizing participants for incorrect responses.

Osteopathic clinical training in three universities.

Osteopathic clinical medical education is similar to allopathic medical education in many ways but uniquely different in others. Some of the important differences include an emphasis on primary care, training in osteopathic manipulative medicine, and the reliance on community-based hospitals for clinical training sites.The authors explore the historical roots of osteopathic clinical training, describe the typical osteopathic clinical preparation, and discuss the challenges in delivering this clinical training.

A comprehensive review to establish priority learning objectives for medical students in the obstetrics and gynecology clerkship.

Objective: This study was undertaken to describe the process used to identify, externally validate, and establish the priority learning objectives for medical students on the obstetrics and gynecology clerkship.

Study Design: We conducted a review of the APGO Medical Student Objectives in Obstetrics and Gynecology to establish which of these objectives should be given first priority. We used recommendations from external references to assess the validity of these selected objectives.

Teaching critical appraisal: a pilot randomized controlled outcomes trial in undergraduate osteopathic medical education.

Context: Critical appraisal is an important skill for medical students. A proposed curriculum may be an effective teaching tool.

Objective: To determine whether the teaching of critical appraisal can be successfully introduced into an osteopathic clinical clerkship in obstetrics and gynecology.

To the point: medical education reviews--dealing with student difficulties in the clinical setting.

Learners with cognitive and behavioral difficulties are particularly challenging in the clinical setting. Cognitive difficulties in the clinical realm may relate to knowledge deficits and/or weak problem solving skills. Behavioral difficulties resulting from attitudinal or motivational problems may manifest themselves as specific unprofessional acts either committed or omitted in the course of caring for patients as well as in unprofessional behavior.

To the point: medical education reviews evaluation in context: assessing learners, teachers, and training programs.

Learners, teachers, and programs need to be evaluated. This article reviews the purpose and the current methods for evaluating all 3. Clinical impressions of the learner are yielding increasingly to direct observation and skill assessment.

To the point: reviews in medical education teaching techniques.

Medical educators are faced with the difficult dilemma of decreased time available for teaching as a result of increased demands for clinical time. Yet few physicians have formal training in teaching methods. Educational research is reviewed to assist educators to select the best teaching technique to meet the learning objectives.

The process of translating women's health care competencies into educational objectives.

"Women's Health Care Competencies for Medical Students" lists the competencies undifferentiated medical students should be able to demonstrate before graduation. The Association of Professors of Gynecology and Obstetrics (APGO) was among the groups asked to convert specified competencies into educational objectives. Working individually, APGO's Undergraduate Medical Education Committee members used APGO's Medical Student Educational Objectives, Seventh Edition, to construct objectives appropriate to preassigned competencies.