What factors influence cellular pathologists' confidence in case reporting?

Histopathology is a challenging interpretive discipline, and the level of confidence a pathologist has in their diagnosis is known to vary, which is conveyed descriptively in pathology reports. There has been little study to accurately quantify pathologists' diagnostic confidence or the factors that influence it. In this study involving sixteen pathologists from six NHS trusts, we assessed diagnostic confidence across multiple variables and four specialties.

"Aberrant" expression of skeletal muscle markers in neuroendocrine carcinomas: a significant diagnostic pitfall.

In this study, we investigate the expression of muscle markers, including the specific skeletal muscle markers myogenin and myoD1, in neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs). The study included 23 NECs from various sites (14 small cell NECs and 9 large cell NECs). These were stained with desmin, myogenin and myoD1.

Digital pathology for reporting histopathology samples, including cancer screening samples - definitive evidence from a multisite study.

Aims: To conduct a definitive multicentre comparison of digital pathology (DP) with light microscopy (LM) for reporting histopathology slides including breast and bowel cancer screening samples.

Methods: A total of 2024 cases (608 breast, 607 GI, 609 skin, 200 renal) were studied, including 207 breast and 250 bowel cancer screening samples. Cases were examined by four pathologists (16 study pathologists across the four speciality groups), using both LM and DP, with the order randomly assigned and 6 weeks between viewings.

Experiences implementing a Radiation therapist-led oncology prehabilitation program during COVID-19.

•Multi-modal prehabilitation prior to radiotherapy is valuable and achievable.•Radiation Therapists can be instrumental in developing prehab programs.•Multi-disciplinary care influences the patient's experience of cancer.

A Rare Case of Septic Ovarian Thrombophlebitis Caused by Tissierella praeacuta.

We report a case of bacteremia and septic thrombophlebitis of the ovarian vein as a rare puerperal complication in a young patient. She was successfully managed with subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and intravenous (IV) antibiotics before transitioning to a prolonged course of oral antibiotics at discharge.

Trends in pathology diagnoses during 10 years of a colorectal cancer screening programme.

Aims: We report pathology findings from the first 10 years of the faecal-occult blood-based Northern Ireland Bowel Cancer Screening Programme, presenting summary data and trends in pathology diagnoses and clinicopathological features of screen-detected cancers.

Methods And Results: Data were analysed from a comprehensive polyp-level pathology database representing all endoscopy specimens from programme inception in 2010 until 2021. A total of 9800 individuals underwent 13 472 endoscopy procedures, yielding 25 967 pathology specimens and 32 119 diagnoses.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cancer care in Ireland - Perspectives from a COVID-19 and Cancer Working Group.

Upon the COVID-19 pandemic onset in Ireland, cancer service disruptions occurred due to prioritisation of COVID-19 related care, redeployment of staff, initial pausing of screening, diagnostic, medical and surgical oncology procedures, staff shortages due to COVID-19 infection and impacts on the physical and mental health of cancer healthcare workers. This was coupled with reluctance among people with symptoms suspicious for cancer to attend for clinical evaluation, due to concerns of contracting the virus. This was further compounded by a cyber-attack on national health service IT systems on May 14th 2021.

The use of Vaccinia Immune Globulin in the Treatment of Severe Mpox. Virus Infection in Human Immunodeficiency Virus/AIDS.

We report a case of progressive, severe mpox virus (MPXV) infection in a patient with AIDS despite a standard course of tecovirimat. He significantly improved after administration of vaccinia immune globulin intravenous (VIGIV) highlighting its use as an adjunct for severe disease in immunocompromised hosts.

Radium-223 in combination with enzalutamide in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: a multi-centre, phase II open-label study.

Background: Radium-223 and enzalutamide are approved agents for patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Combining radium-223 and enzalutamide to improve outcomes is of clinical interest due to their differing modes of action and non-overlapping toxicity profiles.

Methods: This phase II study enrolled patients with mCRPC and bone metastases.

Spin-Flip Diffusion Length in 5d Transition Metal Elements: A First-Principles Benchmark.

Little is known about the spin-flip diffusion length l_{sf}, one of the most important material parameters in the field of spintronics. We use a density-functional-theory based scattering approach to determine values of l_{sf} that result from electron-phonon scattering as a function of temperature for all 5d transition metal elements. l_{sf} does not decrease monotonically with the atomic number Z but is found to be inversely proportional to the density of states at the Fermi level.

Immune cell infiltrates as prognostic biomarkers in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Immune cell infiltration has been identified as a prognostic biomarker in several cancers. However, no immune based biomarker has yet been validated for use in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis of immune cell infiltration, measured by immunohistochemistry (IHC), as a prognostic biomarker in PDAC.

Late Development of Metastatic Ovarian Mucinous Adenocarcinoma From Primary Gallblader Adenocarcinoma and High-grade Dysplasia.

The ovary is a common site of metastatic mucinous adenocarcinoma. In most, but not all, cases the presence of a primary neoplasm elsewhere is already known and the metastasis is picked up at diagnosis or is discovered a relatively short time following the diagnosis of the primary neoplasm. We report 2 cases of metastatic gallbladder adenocarcinoma involving the ovaries of women aged 65 and 59 after long time periods of 8 and 5 yr following diagnosis of high-grade dysplasia or early adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder, respectively.

Disorder Dependence of Interface Spin Memory Loss.

The discontinuity of a spin-current through an interface caused by spin-orbit coupling is characterized by the spin memory loss (SML) parameter δ. We use first-principles scattering theory and a recently developed local current scheme to study the SML for Au|Pt, Au|Pd, Py|Pt, and Co|Pt interfaces. We find a minimal temperature dependence for nonmagnetic interfaces and a strong dependence for interfaces involving ferromagnets that we attribute to the spin disorder.

Non-inferiority randomised phase 3 trial comparing two radiation schedules (single vs. five fractions) in malignant spinal cord compression.

Background: The optimal EBRT schedule for MSCC is undetermined. Our aim was to determine whether a single fraction (SF) was non-inferior to five daily fractions (5Fx), for functional motor outcome.

Methods: Patients not proceeding with surgical decompression in this multicentre non-inferiority, Phase 3 trial were randomised to 10 Gy/SF or 20 Gy/5Fx.

Primary Ovarian High-grade Neuroendocrine Carcinoma With Merkel Cell-like Immunophenotype Arising in a Teratoma.

Ovarian high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) (small cell and large cell NEC) are rare neoplasms. They may arise in association with other ovarian tumors, most commonly epithelial neoplasms and rarely teratomas. We report a case of an 19-yr-old female with bilateral ovarian teratomas with a high-grade NEC (immunohistochemically positive with chromogranin, synaptophysin, and CD56 and MIB1 proliferation index in excess of 90%) arising within one of these.

Adult Granulosa Cell Tumor With High-grade Transformation: Report of a Series With FOXL2 Mutation Analysis.

Adult granulosa cell tumor (AGCT) is a low-grade malignant neoplasm with a significant propensity for late recurrence and metastasis. Almost all AGCTs are composed of cells with bland nuclear features and even when these tumors recur or metastasize, the nuclear features are almost always low-grade. We report 5 cases of AGCT in patients aged 37 to 88 years composed of areas of typical AGCT with low-grade morphology admixed with areas of high-grade morphology, with marked nuclear atypia, often with bizarre multinucleate cells and high mitotic activity; this is the first reported series of high-grade transformation in AGCTs.

An Unusual Case of Ototoxicity with Use of Oral Vancomycin.

Introduction: Systemic absorption of oral vancomycin is poor due to the size of the molecule and its pharmacokinetics. It has an elimination half life of 5-11 hours in patients with normal renal function. We present a rare case of ototoxicity after oral vancomycin administration and detectable serum vancomycin levels 24 hours after cessation of vancomycin.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-associated Lymphoepithelioma-like Carcinoma of the Vagina and Anal Canal: A Rare Variant of Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (LELC) is an uncommon variant of squamous cell carcinoma, which is histologically identical to lymphoepithelial carcinoma of the nasopharynx. LELCs have been reported at a variety of sites, including the stomach, salivary gland, thymus, cervix, endometrium, breast, skin, bladder, and lung. We report 2 LELCs of the vagina and 1 of the anal canal, the first report of LELC at the latter site.

Back to the future: routine morphological assessment of the tumour microenvironment is prognostic in stage II/III colon cancer in a large population-based study.

Aims: Both morphological and molecular approaches have highlighted the biological and prognostic importance of the tumour microenvironment in colorectal cancer (CRC). Despite this, microscopic assessment of the tumour microenvironment has not been adopted into routine practice. The study aim was to identify those tumour microenvironmental features that are most likely to provide prognostic information and be feasible to use in routine pathology reporting practice.

Z_{2} Invariance of Germanene on MoS_{2} from First Principles.

We present a low energy Hamiltonian generalized to describe how the energy bands of germanene (Ge[over ¯]) are modified by interaction with a substrate or a capping layer. The parameters that enter the Hamiltonian are determined from first-principles relativistic calculations for Ge[over ¯]|MoS_{2} bilayers and MoS_{2}|Ge[over ¯]|MoS_{2} trilayers and are used to determine the topological nature of the system. For the lowest energy, buckled germanene structure, the gap depends strongly on how germanene is oriented with respect to the MoS_{2} layer(s).

Giant Room Temperature Interface Spin Hall and Inverse Spin Hall Effects.

The spin Hall angle (SHA) is a measure of the efficiency with which a transverse spin current is generated from a charge current by the spin-orbit coupling and disorder in the spin Hall effect (SHE). In a study of the SHE for a Pt|Py (Py=Ni_{80}Fe_{20}) bilayer using a first-principles scattering approach, we find a SHA that increases monotonically with temperature and is proportional to the resistivity for bulk Pt. By decomposing the room temperature SHE and inverse SHE currents into bulk and interface terms, we discover a giant interface SHA that dominates the total inverse SHE current with potentially major consequences for applications.

A comparison of endoscopy versus pathology sizing of colorectal adenomas and potential implications for surveillance colonoscopy.

Background And Aims: The aim of this study was to compare endoscopy and pathology sizing in a large population-based series of colorectal adenomas and to evaluate the implications for patient stratification into surveillance colonoscopy.

Methods: Endoscopy and pathology sizes available from intact adenomas removed at colonoscopies performed as part of the Northern Ireland Bowel Cancer Screening Programme, from 2010 to 2015, were included in this study. Chi-squared tests were applied to compare size categories in relation to clinicopathologic parameters and colonoscopy surveillance strata according to current American Gastroenterology Association and British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines.

Feasibility of low-dose CT with model-based iterative image reconstruction in follow-up of patients with testicular cancer.

Purpose: We examine the performance of pure model-based iterative reconstruction with reduced-dose CT in follow-up of patients with early-stage testicular cancer.

Methods: Sixteen patients (mean age 35.6 ± 7.