Temporal tracking of cysteine 34 oxidation of plasma albumin as a biomarker of muscle damage following a bout of eccentric exercise.

Purpose: Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) results in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), but little is known about the temporal profile of change in ROS post-EIMD and how ROS levels relate to the onset of and recovery from EIMD. Our primary aim was to examine the effect of EIMD on the pattern of change in the blood level of thiol-oxidised albumin, a marker of oxidative stress.

Methods: Seven male participants were subjected on separate days to eccentric muscle contraction to cause EIMD or a no-exercise condition.

High intensity interval training as a novel treatment for impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia in people with type 1 diabetes (HIT4HYPOS): a randomised parallel-group study.

Aims/hypothesis: Impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia (IAH) in type 1 diabetes may develop through a process referred to as habituation. Consistent with this, a single bout of high intensity interval exercise as a novel stress stimulus improves counterregulatory responses (CRR) to next-day hypoglycaemia, referred to as dishabituation. This longitudinal pilot study investigated whether 4 weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) has sustained effects on counterregulatory and symptom responses to hypoglycaemia in adults with type 1 diabetes and IAH.

Effect of Neck-Deep Immersion in Cool or Thermoneutral Water on Blood Glucose Levels in Individuals With Type 1 Diabetes.

Context: It is unclear whether immersion in cool water, typical of many beaches, increases the concentration of blood glucose in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).

Objective: To test the hypothesis in individuals with T1DM that immersion neck-deep in cool water (COOL) causes an increase in blood glucose concentration, but not exposure to thermoneutral water (THERMO) or thermoneutral air.

Methods: Eight overnight-fasted participants with T1DM were exposed for 60 minutes on separate days to 3 experimental conditions: cool water (COOL, 23 °C); thermoneutral water (THERMO, 33.

The Effect of Exercise Intensity on Carbohydrate Sparing Postexercise: Implications for Postexercise Hypoglycemia.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of exercise intensity on the proportion and rate of carbohydrate oxidation and glucoregulatory hormone responses during recovery from exercise. Six physically active participants completed 1 hr of low-intensity (LI; 50% lactate threshold) or moderate-intensity (MI; 100% lactate threshold) exercise on separate days following a randomized counterbalanced design. During exercise and for 6 hr of recovery, samples of expired air were collected to determine oxygen consumption, respiratory exchange ratio, energy expenditure, and substrate oxidation rates.

Protein Ingestion in Reducing the Risk of Late-Onset Post-Exercise Hypoglycemia: A Pilot Study in Adolescents and Youth with Type 1 Diabetes.

Dietary protein causes dose-dependent hyperglycemia in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D). This study investigated the effect of consuming 50 g of protein on overnight blood glucose levels (BGLs) following late-afternoon moderate-intensity exercise. Six participants (3M:3F) with T1D, HbA1c 7.

Reproducibility of plasma glucose responses to moderate-intensity exercise in individuals with type 1 diabetes.

Aim: To examine the within-person variability in plasma glucose responses to moderate-intensity morning exercise in young individuals with type 1 diabetes after overnight fasting and under basal insulin conditions.

Methods: In this pilot study, eight participants completed 40 min of moderate-intensity exercise at 60% V̇O peak on three separate days. The within-person standard deviation (SDw) in plasma glucose response was analysed both during and 1 h after exercise using the two visits per participant most closely matched by pre-exercise plasma glucose level.

Effects of Simulated High Altitude on Blood Glucose Levels During Exercise in Individuals With Type 1 Diabetes.

Context: Current exercise guidelines for individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) do not consider the impact that high altitude may have on blood glucose levels (BGL) during exercise.

Objective: To investigate the effect of acute hypoxia (simulated high altitude) on BGL and carbohydrate oxidation rates during moderate intensity exercise in individuals with T1D.

Methods: Using a counterbalanced, repeated measures study design, 7 individuals with T1D completed 2 exercise sessions; normoxia and hypoxia (~4200 m simulated altitude).

A Novel Mobile Health App to Educate and Empower Young People With Type 1 Diabetes to Exercise Safely: Prospective Single-Arm Mixed Methods Pilot Study.

Background: Empowering young people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) to manage their blood glucose levels during exercise is a complex challenge faced by health care professionals due to the unpredictable nature of exercise and its effect on blood glucose levels. Mobile health (mHealth) apps would be useful as a decision-support aid to effectively contextualize a blood glucose result and take appropriate action to optimize glucose levels during and after exercise. A novel mHealth app acT1ve was recently developed, based on expert consensus exercise guidelines, to provide real-time support for young people with T1D during exercise.

Nausea after Repeated Sprints: Is Lactic Acidosis Really the Culprit?

Introduction: Nausea caused by exhaustive sprinting is associated with high lactate ([La-]) and hydrogen ion concentrations ([H+]) and fall in blood pCO2, thus raising the issue of whether there is a causal link between nausea and these variables. For this reason, this study aimed to determine whether interspersing repeated sprints (RS) with periods of active, compared with passive, recovery results in lower levels of both nausea and changes in [La-], [H+], and pCO2.

Methods: Twelve male participants completed two separate sessions comprising four 30-s sprints separated by 20 min of either active (AR; cycling at 40% V˙O2peak) or passive recovery (PR).

Antidiuretic hormone and the activation of glucose production during high intensity aerobic exercise.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the role that antidiuretic hormone (ADH) may play in the activation of glucose production during high intensity aerobic exercise.

Materials/methods: This study was part of larger study based on a repeated measures cross-over study design and involved ten adult participants who exercised in the morning at 80 % Opeak for up to 40 min or until exhaustion. During and after exercise, the participants were subjected to a morning euglycaemic/euinsulinaemic clamp while [6,6-H]glucose was infused and blood sampled to measure the endogenous rate of glucose appearance (Ra) and ADH levels.

Acute hyperglycaemia does not have a consistent adverse effect on exercise performance in recreationally active young people with type 1 diabetes: a randomised crossover in-clinic study.

Aims/hypothesis: In individuals with type 1 diabetes, chronic hyperglycaemia impairs aerobic fitness. However, the effect of acute marked hyperglycaemia on aerobic fitness is unclear, and the impact of insulin level has not been examined. In this study, we explored if acute hyperglycaemia with higher or low insulin levels affects [Formula: see text] and other exercise performance indicators in individuals with type 1 diabetes.

A 1-week diet break improves muscle endurance during an intermittent dieting regime in adult athletes: A pre-specified secondary analysis of the ICECAP trial.

Athletes undergoing energy restriction for weight/fat reduction sometimes apply 'diet breaks' involving increased energy intake, but there is little empirical evidence of effects on outcomes. Twenty-six resistance-trained athletes (11/26 or 42% female) who had completed 12 weeks of intermittent energy restriction participated in this study. Participants had a mean (SD) age of 29.

Continuous versus Intermittent Dieting for Fat Loss and Fat-Free Mass Retention in Resistance-trained Adults: The ICECAP Trial.

Introduction: Can intermittent energy restriction (IER) improve fat loss and fat-free mass retention compared with continuous energy restriction (CER) in resistance-trained adults?

Methods: Sixty-one adults (32 women) with a mean (SD) age of 28.7 (6.5) yr, body weight of 77.

Effect of Exercise Intensity on Exogenous Glucose Requirements to Maintain Stable Glycemia At High Insulin Levels in Type 1 Diabetes.

Context: Under basal insulin levels, there is an inverted U relationship between exercise intensity and exogenous glucose requirements to maintain stable blood glucose levels in type 1 diabetes (T1D), with no glucose required for intense exercise (80% V̇O2 peak), implying that high-intensity exercise is not conducive to hypoglycemia.

Objective: This work aimed to test the hypothesis that a similar inverted U relationship exists under hyperinsulinemic conditions, with high-intensity aerobic exercise not being conducive to hypoglycemia.

Methods: Nine young adults with T1D (mean ± SD age, 22.

The competitive athlete with type 1 diabetes.

Regular exercise is important for health, fitness and longevity in people living with type 1 diabetes, and many individuals seek to train and compete while living with the condition. Muscle, liver and glycogen metabolism can be normal in athletes with diabetes with good overall glucose management, and exercise performance can be facilitated by modifications to insulin dose and nutrition. However, maintaining normal glucose levels during training, travel and competition can be a major challenge for athletes living with type 1 diabetes.

A randomised controlled study of high intensity exercise as a dishabituating stimulus to improve hypoglycaemia awareness in people with type 1 diabetes: a proof-of-concept study.

Aims/hypothesis: Approximately 25% of people with type 1 diabetes have suppressed counterregulatory hormonal and symptomatic responses to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia, which renders them at increased risk of severe, disabling hypoglycaemia. This is called impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia (IAH), the cause of which is unknown. We recently proposed that IAH develops through habituation, a form of adaptive memory to preceding hypoglycaemia.

Oxidation of cysteine 34 of plasma albumin as a biomarker of oxidative stress.

In order to better understand the physiological and pathophysiological roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS), multiple blood and urine biomarkers of oxidative stress have been developed. The single free thiol (Cys34) in plasma albumin is a useful biomarker of oxidative stress because thiol groups are particularly sensitive to oxidation by ROS. The primary aim of this study was to develop a gel electrophoresis-based method (mPEG assay) that would be more widely accessible than existing chromatography techniques to assay the oxidation state of albumin Cys34.

Role of lactic acidosis as a mediator of sprint-mediated nausea.

This study aims to determine whether there is a relationship between nausea level and lactic acidosis during recovery from sprinting. In all, 13 recreationally active males completed a 60 s bout of maximal intensity cycling. Prior to and for 45 min following exercise, blood pH, pCO , and lactate levels were measured together with nausea.

Exercise Management for Young People With Type 1 Diabetes: A Structured Approach to the Exercise Consultation.

Regular physical activity during childhood is important for optimal physical and psychological development. For individuals with Type 1 Diabetes (T1D), physical activity offers many health benefits including improved glycemic control, cardiovascular function, blood lipid profiles, and psychological well-being. Despite these benefits, many young people with T1D do not meet physical activity recommendations.

Intermittent Dieting: Theoretical Considerations for the Athlete.

Athletes utilise numerous strategies to reduce body weight or body fat prior to competition. The traditional approach requires continuous energy restriction (CER) for the entire weight loss phase (typically days to weeks). However, there is some suggestion that intermittent energy restriction (IER), which involves alternating periods of energy restriction with periods of greater energy intake (referred to as 'refeeds' or 'diet breaks') may result in superior weight loss outcomes than CER.

Continuous versus intermittent moderate energy restriction for increased fat mass loss and fat free mass retention in adult athletes: protocol for a randomised controlled trial-the ICECAP trial (Intermittent versus Continuous Energy restriction Compared in an Athlete Population).

Introduction: Reducing fat mass (FM) while retaining fat free mass (FFM) is a common goal of athletes. Evidence suggests that some-but not all-forms of intermittent energy restriction (IER) may be superior to the conventional method of continuous energy restriction (CER) for people with excess body fat that are sedentary, by reducing some of the adaptive responses to ER. However, it is yet to be established whether this dietary approach is effective for athletes.

The Effect of Acute Taurine Ingestion on Human Maximal Voluntary Muscle Contraction.

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the effect of taurine ingestion on maximal voluntary muscle torque and power in trained male athletes with different caffeine habits.

Methods: Fourteen male athletes 21.8 ± 2.

Maternal circulating adipokine profile and insulin resistance in women at high risk of developing gestational diabetes mellitus.

Background: Cytokines produced by adipose and placental tissues (adipokines) have been implicated in the development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). There is, however, limited research regarding the relationship between advancing pregnancy, maternal adipokine profile, insulin resistance and the development of GDM. Furthermore, no studies have investigated these parameters in women with a history of GDM who are at the highest risk of recurrence.