Patients' Positions on the Degree of Trust to be Placed in Physicians.

Patient-physician relationship is ideally based on mutual trust. Trust usually takes times to build but can quite instantaneously be destroyed as a result of a single action or a single misperception. This study examined the way patients conceptualize the relationship between trust in a physician and perceived competency, honesty and openness, and personal involvement in care.

"Comprehensive Healthcare for America": Using the Insights of Behavioral Economics to Transform the U. S. Healthcare System.

"Comprehensive Healthcare for America" is a largely single-payer reform proposal that, by applying the insights of behavioral economics, may be able to rally patients and clinicians sufficiently to overcome the opposition of politicians and vested interests to providing all Americans with less complicated and less costly access to needed healthcare.

Judging the possibility of the onset of diabetes mellitus type 2 from reported behavioral changes and from family history.

Background: Undiagnosed type 2 diabetes is common and can lead to unrecognized health complications. Given that earlier detection can reduce the damage to vital organs, it is important for all persons to be able to make the connection between certain new manifestations in their bodies and the possibility of diabetes. This study examined the extent to which people use the behavioral changes they observe in others (or in themselves), as well as relevant family history, to judge the possibility of the onset of diabetes.

Young Indians' Willingness to Make a Living Organ Donation.

Background: The large unmet need in India for organs to transplant calls for an increase in living organ donations. This study examined the positions of Indian university students on making a living organ donation.

Methods: A convenience sample of 339 students from Karnatak University rated willingness to be a living donor in 48 scenarios consisting of all combinations of 5 factors: recipient's identity (close family member vs stranger), level of surgical risk for the donor, possible long-term health consequences for the donor, probability of transplant success, and likelihood of finding other donors (the subject is one of the rare compatible donors or one donor among others).

Positions of French Nurses Regarding the use of Hypnotherapy to Relieve Pain in Postoperative Settings.

The objective of this study was to carry out a detailed mapping of the different personal positions of French nurses concerning the practice of hypnotherapy. Factorial design was used to assess the impact of 4 situational factors: type of postoperative care and degree of pain associated with it (chemotherapy, wound cleansing and bandaging, or body grooming that leads to pain on mobilization); whether paracetamol (also known as acetaminophen) was administrated along with hypnosis or not; professional credentials of the hypnotherapist; and patient's identity (adult, young person, elderly person, or young person with learning difficulties). A combination of scenario technique and cluster analysis was implemented.

Assessing hospitalized patients' quality of life from external indices: the perspectives of lay people and health professionals.

Purpose: We examined the way people assess hospitalized patients' quality of life from what they immediately observe when entering the patient's room, from what they learn by conversing with the patient, and from what they know about the patient's social life.

Methods: A sample of 474 adults (among them 7 physicians, 57 nurses, and 42 nurse's aides) aged 18-90 years was presented with 54 realistic scenarios depicting the situation of a terminally ill patient, and created by orthogonally combining the levels of four factors: chronic pain (e.g.

French People's Views Regarding Xenotransplantation.

Background: French laypeople's views on xenotransplantation were examined.

Methods: A convenience sample of 224 adults (among them, 37 nurses) judged of the acceptability of xenotransplantation in 50 realistic scenarios composed of various combinations of 4 factors: 1. the type of graft (eg, pig cardiac valve), 2.

French People's Views on the Allocation of Organs for Transplantation.

Background: French laypeople's views on the allocation of organs for transplantation were examined.

Methods: A total of 199 adults make judgments of priority for a liver transplant in 48 realistic scenarios composed of all combinations of 4 factors: 1. probability of success, 2.

What motivates individuals to volunteer in Ebola epidemic response? A structural approach in Guinea.

Background: The 2014-2016 Ebola epidemic in West Africa placed greater demands on the affected countries' already scarce health workforce. Consequently, governments in the most affected West African countries made appeals for volunteers to join Ebola response programs. Those volunteers played an important yet high-risk role in aiding the victims of the Ebola epidemic and in limiting its spread.

Infant vaccination against malaria in Mozambique and in Togo: mapping parents' willingness to get their children vaccinated.

: Malaria is one of the most widespread and deadly diseases worldwide and large majority of malaria cases and deaths occurs in Africa. Efforts to develop an effective vaccine against malaria are underway and several vaccine prototypes are on different clinical trial phases.: As many sub-Saharan African countries have shown interest in introducing large-scale infant vaccination against malaria when a definitively approved vaccine will be available, the present study aimed at mapping Mozambican parents' willingness to get their children vaccinated and comparing the results with findings from a similar study we conducted in Togo (209 participants).

Romanian Laypeople's and Health Professionals' Views Regarding Living Organ Donation.

Background: Romanian laypeople's and health professionals' views on living organ donation were examined.

Methods: From July 2015 to May 2016, 263 adults (among them 31 physicians and 20 nurses) judged the acceptability of living organ donation in 42 realistic scenarios composed of varying levels of 6 factors: 1. type of organ, 2.

Why patients want to take or refuse to take antibiotics: an inventory of motives.

Background: Inappropriate use of antibiotics is a worldwide issue. In order to help public health institutions and each particular physician to change patterns of consumption among patients, it is important to understand better the reasons why people accept to take or refuse to take the antibiotic drugs. This study explored the motives people give for taking or refusing to take antibiotics.

Willingness to get vaccinated against Ebola: A mapping of Guinean people positions.

Objective: To map the different personal positions of Guinean people regarding vaccination against Ebola.

Methods: From January to April 2016, 304 adults in Guinea were presented with 48 vignettes depicting situations in which getting vaccinated would be possible. These situations varied as a function of the constructs of health-protective behavior theories.

Duty to provide care to Ebola patients: the perspectives of Guinean lay people and healthcare providers.

Aim: To examine the views of Guinean lay people and healthcare providers (HCPs) regarding the acceptability of HCPs' refusal to provide care to Ebola patients.

Method: From October to December 2015, lay people (n=252) and HCPs (n=220) in Conakry, Guinea, were presented with 54 sample case scenarios depicting a HCP who refuses to provide care to Ebola patients and were instructed to rate the extent to which this HCP's decision is morally acceptable. The scenarios were composed by systematically varying the levels of four factors: (1) the risk of getting infected, (2) the HCP's working conditions, (3) the HCP's family responsibilities and (4) the HCP's professional status.

Mapping people's views regarding the acceptability of surrogate motherhood.

The aims of the present study were to map French laypersons' views regarding the acceptability of maternal surrogacy and to delineate the circumstances under which surrogacy is considered, by different groups of people, as especially problematic. Participants (N = 236) were presented with a number of scenarios depicting the circumstances in which a couple has contracted with a surrogate mother and were asked to indicate the extent to which such a contract may present a moral problem. The scenarios were created by varying four factors: the type of surrogacy (traditional or gestational), the surrogate mother's level of autonomy, the family context in which the surrogate mother lives, and whether surrogacy was commercial or altruistic.

Proactive penicillin allergy testing in primary care patients labeled as allergic: outcomes and barriers.

Objectives: To promote penicillin allergy testing in an outpatient setting in patients labeled as penicillin allergic, to determine the number of those who are truly allergic, evaluate patient satisfaction with the testing, and educate both patients and clinicians about testing.

Methods: Patients with a history of penicillin allergy listed in their EHR were screened and recruited by their primary care office and referred for penicillin allergy testing. The results of allergy testing and patient satisfaction after testing were the main outcomes.

Haitian people's expectations regarding post-disaster humanitarian aid teams' actions.

The way people at the receiving end of humanitarian assistance perceive this intervention may provide invaluable bottom-up feedback to improve the quality of the intervention. We analyzed and mapped Haitians' views regarding international humanitarian aid in cases of natural disaster. Two hundred fifty participants-137 women and 113 men aged 18-67-who had suffered from the consequences of the earthquake in 2010 were presented with a series of vignettes depicting a humanitarian team's action and were asked to what extent these actions corresponded to what ought to be expected from an international aid mission.

Allocation of antiretroviral drugs to HIV-infected patients in Togo: perspectives of people living with HIV and healthcare providers.

Aim: To explore the way people living with HIV and healthcare providers in Togo judge the priority of HIV-infected patients regarding the allocation of antiretroviral drugs.

Method: From June to September 2015, 200 adults living with HIV and 121 healthcare providers living in Togo were recruited for the study. They were presented with stories of a few lines depicting the situation of an HIV-infected patient and were instructed to judge the extent to which the patient should be given priority for antiretroviral drugs.

Mapping French people and health professionals' positions regarding the circumstances of morphine use to relieve cancer pain.

Background: Cancer patients suffer in part because some health professionals prescribe or administer amounts of analgesics, namely opioids, which are too small or too widely spaced to be fully effective. Patients' reluctance to use opioids for pain treatment is often mentioned as a reason not to apply the official guidelines, but very few studies have been conducted on people's attitudes about opioid use to relieve cancer pain.

Methods: One hundred twenty lay participants and 30 health professionals (7 physicians and 23 nurses) were presented with a set of vignettes describing a terminally ill woman with cancer who is in pain.

The ethics of postoperative pain management: Mapping nurses' views.

Aim: We explored the positions of nurses working in hospitals regarding the acceptability of refusing to give a repeat dose of painkiller to a postoperative patient who requested it. These positions were compared with that of lay people, physicians, and other health professionals.

Design And Methods: Factorial design was used to assess the impact of 6 situational factors: the patient's age, the current level of pain as assessed by the nurse, the number of requests, the level of risk associated with the administration of a repeat dose, the outcome of surgery, and the giving of alternative mild analgesics.

Acceptability of vaccination against HIV: A mapping of Togolese people's positions.

In anticipation of a future HIV vaccine, we mapped the different personal positions regarding HIV vaccination of people in Togo. In early 2014, 363 adults indicated their willingness to receive a future HIV vaccine under different conditions varying as a function of five factors: perceived susceptibility to HIV, vaccine effectiveness, perceived severity of AIDS, vaccine cost, and family's influence. We found five qualitatively different positions: unconditional acceptance (49%), depends on cost/effectiveness ratio (20%), depends on cost (18%), total indecision (10%), and complete reluctance (3%).