People also ask: How does this tool affect exploration-exploitation strategies with regard to prior domain knowledge and search context? An eye-tracking study.

With the diversification of Internet uses, online content type has become richer. Alongside organic results, search engine results pages now provide tools to improve information searching and learning. The People also ask (PAA) box is intended to reduce users' cognitive costs by offering easily accessible information.

Prices of Orphan Drugs in Four Western European Countries Before and After Market Exclusivity Expiry: A Cross-Country Comparison of List Prices and Purchase Prices.

Background: Increasing pharmaceutical expenditure challenges the sustainability and accessibility of healthcare systems across Europe. Confidentiality restraints hinder assessment of actual prices of Orphan Medicinal Products (OMPs). Hence, we assessed the real prices of brand-name OMPs around market exclusivity expiry (MEE).

Management of perioperative iron deficiency anemia as part of patient blood management in France: A budget impact model-based analysis based on real world data.

Objectives: Patient Blood Management (PBM) is defined as a patient-centered, systematic, evidence-based approach to improve patient outcomes by managing and preserving a patient's own blood, while promoting patient safety and empowerment. As a corollary, it also reduces the utilization of allogeneic blood components. However, demonstrating cost-effectiveness depends on the health insurance system considered.

What About Offering a Financial Incentive Directly to Clinical Units to Encourage the Use of Biosimilars? Results of a Two-Year National Experiment in France.

Background: Regarding the low penetration of biosimilars in the French market, in 2018, the government introduced two mutually exclusive financial incentives to increase biosimilar use. They redirect 20% (general case) or 30% (experimental case) of the price difference between the reference product and its biosimilar to hospitals for every biosimilar delivered in retail pharmacies from these hospital prescriptions. The experimental case specifically targets prescribing clinical units.

Influence of Emotions on Elementary-School Children's Implicit Learning during a Serial Reaction Time Task.

As pedagogues and childhood professionals, teachers must be aware of both implicit and explicit learning processes. They must also bear in mind that learners' performances may be influenced by the many emotions triggered by different situations at school (e.g.

[Assessment of the budgetary impact of an emicizumab therapy introduction for patients with severe haemophilia A without inhibitor].

Since March 2019, émicizumab is indicated for the treatment of patients with severe haemophilia A without inhibitor. This therapy's price amounts approximately to €33 600 per 4 weeks for a 70kg patient which represents about two times more than a factor VIII concentrates treatment's price. This study aims to assess the budgetary impact for the French Health Insurance of an émicizumab therapy introduction for patients with severe haemophilia A without inhibitor.

Social contact, own-group recognition bias and visual attention to faces.

The own-group recognition bias (OGRB) has been consistently linked to social contact in theoretical accounts. Indeed, social contact is assumed by most authors to underlie the perceptual expertise of out-groups' faces. However, little is known empirically about how it might impact face-processing strategies.

[Hybrid medicines in France. Hybrid medicines: Genesis and legal framework in Europe and in France].

Hybrid medicines are defined as medicines that do not fill generic medicines' definition, forming a medicines group that stands half-way between reference medicinal products and generic medicines. The term "hybrid" was introduced in France in 2018, but the concept has existed for some fifteen years in Community legislation. The aim of this work is to expose hybrid medicines' legal framework, in Europe and in France.

[Hybrid medicines in France. Hybrid medicines: Overviews in France and in Paris Public Hospitals].

Objectives: The aim of this study is to give an overview of hybrid medicines, term introduced in France by the Social Security Financing Act for 2019, with special attention to those available in Paris Public Hospitals (AP-HP), and to analyze their therapeutic values and economic issues.

Methods: Research by keywords on European and French health authorities' websites was done to provide a list of hybrid medicines. Then, an analysis of their profile and of their differences from reference medicinal products was done.

[Security of supply: Getting to know more about the organization of suppliers].

Objectives: The worsening pharmaceutical products shortage required the central purchasing structure of AP-HP to include a new criterion on supply safety in the tenders' procedures. Each provider answering to the tender needs to complete a dedicated form. The aim is to review the collected information and assess its relevance.

[Comparative analysis of the financing of follow-up and rehabilitation care institutions and public mental health institutions: Application for innovative and expensive drugs].

Pharmacotherapeutic care is now expanding in public mental health institutions. Annual grants are funding the public psychiatric field, hindering access to therapeutic innovation and expensive medications due to long length of stay. On the threshold of the French Healthcare & Social Services Ministry "Ma Santé 2022" plan ("My Health 2022"), there is a risk of altering the continuum of care because of the complexity of the financing of certain high added value therapies.

Toward the Use of Pupillary Responses for Pilot Selection.

Objective: For selection practitioners, it seems important to assess the level of mental resources invested in order to perform a demanding task. In this study, we investigated the potential of pupil size measurement to discriminate the most proficient pilot students from the less proficient.

Background: Cognitive workload is known to influence learning outcome.

Preconceived notions about biosimilars-a French experience.

Since the arrival of the first biosimilar monoclonal antibodies into the market, many information has been circulating, leading to preconceived notions for patients and healthcare professionals. In a pressing economic context and faced with a growing number of available biosimilars, we (clinician, patient association, biologist, pharmacists, health economists) propose to take stock by trying to distinguish facts from misconceptions.

[Health technology assessment of innovative medical devices: Timing and decision at national and local level].

Introduction: The Medical Device Committee (CODIMS) evaluates all innovative medical devices (MD) before their introduction in the hospitals of the Assistance publique-hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP). At the national level, the Medical Device and Health Technology Evaluation Committee (CNEDiMTS) provides recommendation for MD with respects to reimbursement by the National Health Insurance Fund. The aim of this study is to compare the recommendations of both committees and to analyze their timing on a six-year period.

Training Participants to Focus on Critical Facial Features Does Not Decrease Own-Group Bias.

The own-group recognition bias (OGB) might be explained by the usage of different face processing strategies for own and other-group faces. Although featural processing appears in general to impair face recognition ability when compared to configural processing (itself perhaps a function of acquired expertise), recent research has suggested that the OGB can be reduced by directing featural processing to group-discriminating features. The present study assessed a perceptual training task intended to replicate Hills and Lewis' (2006) findings: we trained White participants to focus more on discriminating parts of Black faces, in particular the bottom halves of the faces, expecting a reduction of the OGB as a consequence.

[Evaluation of dental medical devices: Focus on the definition of needs].

Objectives: As a university teaching hospital, the call for tender for dental medical devices (dental implants and consumables) is done with the help of a team of hospital pharmacists and users. In order to optimize the definition of needs and evaluation criteria, an exhaustive review of the products was carried out.

Methods: Dental medical devices suppliers were consulted in 2017 for reviewing their products.

[Assessment of the use by hospital pharmacists of the opinions issued by the Haute Autorité de santé and the economic analysis tools proposed to them].

Background: In French hospitals, the supply and management of drugs are missions of pharmacists. The aim of this study is to assess the use of efficacy and economics opinions of the Haute Autorite de santé (HAS) in hospital referencing of drugs in France in 2017.

Methods: A questionnaire for hospital pharmacists was developed to establish their knowledge and their uses of Transparency Commission and Economic and Public Health Evaluation Committee opinions.

Enhanced recovery protocols in colonic surgery: retrospective cohort analysis of economic impact from an institutional point of view.

Background: Despite increasing evidence supporting the beneficial effects of enhanced recovery protocols (ERPs), their accurate economic impact on institutions remains lacking. The aim of this study was to analyze ERP economic impact in a French center in order to further encourage implementation.

Methods: All patients who underwent elective laparoscopic right or left colectomy for benign or malignant pathology from 2014 to 2017 in a single center were retrospectively reviewed.

Human Voice as a Measure of Mental Load Level.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine a reliable and efficient set of acoustic parameters of the human voice able to estimate individuals' mental load level. Implementing detection methods and real-time analysis of mental load is a major challenge for monitoring and enhancing human task performance, especially during high-risk activities (e.g.

[Cost of clotting factors in hospitalization].

Objectives: Hemophilia is a rare genetic disease, characterized by uncontrolled bleeding. Injections of clotting factor are the principal are the principal treatment. This drug is very expensive.

[Market access agreements: Definition and features. Could MAA be defined as a solution for immunotherapy funding by French health system?].

Over the last few years, many therapeutic innovations have been approved and marketed in France, within a strained financial setting. Legal dispositions allowed manufacturers (LEEM - les enterprises du medicament) and the economic committee for health products (CEPS) to contract various confidential market access agreements to contain health product expenses. The purposes of this article are to define and describe these different existing market access agreements and to open discussion on their applicability to the problematic of immune-oncology drugs financing.

Economic and organizational impact of the changing hospital funding practices of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents on the management of care of dialysis patients in France.

Aim: Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) are particularly used to treat dialysis patients suffering from anemia due to renal failure. Since March 2014, ESAs have no longer been funded on top-of-diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) in French hospitals and are funded via DRGs. There are two ways to fund dialysis in French hospitals: the 'DRG for dialysis in session' and the 'off-dialysis DRG', which is not a DRG and consists in a supplement tariff specific to dialysis for patients hospitalized for another main reason than dialysis.