Low rates of hepatotoxicity in HIV-infected children on anti-retroviral therapy with and without isoniazid prophylaxis.

This study investigates the incidence of hepatotoxicity in HIV-infected children during anti-retroviral therapy (ART) and the impact of concomitant use of isoniazid preventive therapy. It is a retrospective cohort analysis of HIV-infected children who commenced ART or were followed up between September 1998 and November 2005. Alanine transferase levels were measured at baseline, at 1, 3 and 6 months and then 6 monthly thereafter.

Antiretroviral treatment for children.

Objective: To describe the response of children during their first year on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).

Design: Retrospective, descriptive.

Setting: Tertiary, referral hospital.

Oral trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole levels in stable HIV-infected children.

Background: Effective treatment of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP) requires therapeutic serum concentrations of 5-10 microg/ml trimethoprim (TMP); consequently intravenous trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) is recommended therapy. However, oral therapy is desirable as the intravenous route is costly, time-consuming, more difficult to administer and carries a risk of needlestick injury.

Objective: To investigate whether therapeutic TMP levels for treatment of PCP can be attained with oral therapy in HIV-infected children.

The etiology and outcome of pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children admitted to intensive care in a developing country.

In developing countries, many human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children require intensive care unit (ICU) resources for pneumonia, but there is little information on the etiology of pneumonia or the impact of ICU intervention. OBJECTIVE: To compare the etiology and outcome of pneumonia in HIV-positive and seronegative children admitted to ICU. DESIGN: Prospective study.