Persistent bioaerosol release in a tuberculosis-endemic setting.

Pioneering studies linking symptomatic disease and cough-mediated () release established the infectious origin of tuberculosis (TB), simultaneously informing the notion that pathology is a prerequisite for transmission. Our recent work has challenged this assumption: by sampling TB clinic attendees, we detected equivalent release of -containing bioaerosols by confirmed TB patients and individuals not receiving a TB diagnosis and observed time-dependent reduction in bioaerosol positivity during 6-month follow-up of both cohorts, irrespective of anti-TB chemotherapy. Now, we report widespread release in our TB-endemic setting: of 89 randomly recruited community members, 79.

Persistent bioaerosol release in a tuberculosis-endemic setting.

Pioneering studies linking symptomatic disease and cough-mediated release of () established the infectious origin of tuberculosis (TB), simultaneously informing the pervasive notion that pathology is a prerequisite for transmission. Our prior work has challenged this assumption: by sampling TB clinic attendees, we detected equivalent release of -containing bioaerosols by confirmed TB patients and individuals not receiving a TB diagnosis, and we demonstrated a time-dependent reduction in bioaerosol positivity during six-months' follow-up, irrespective of anti-TB chemotherapy. Now, by extending bioaerosol sampling to a randomly selected community cohort, we show that release is common in a TB-endemic setting: of 89 participants, 79.

Aerosolization of viable bacilli by tuberculosis clinic attendees independent of sputum-Xpert Ultra status.

Potential () transmission during different pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) disease states is poorly understood. We quantified viable aerosolized from TB clinic attendees following diagnosis and through six months' follow-up thereafter. Presumptive TB patients (n=102) were classified by laboratory, radiological, and clinical features into Group A: Sputum-Xpert Ultra-positive TB (n=52), Group B: Sputum-Xpert Ultra-negative TB (n=20), or Group C: TB undiagnosed (n=30).

Consensus statement on the interhospital transfer of patients with acute aortic syndrome: TRAVERSING Delphi study.

Background: Standardisation of referral pathways and the transfer of patients with acute aortic syndromes (AAS) to regional centres are recommended by NHS England in the Acute Aortic Dissection Toolkit. The aim of the Transfer of Thoracic Aortic Vascular Emergencies to Regional Specialist INstitutes Group study was to establish an interdisciplinary consensus on the interhospital transfer of patients with AAS to specialist high-volume aortic centres.

Methods: Consensus on the key aspects of interhospital transfer of patients with AAS was established using the Delphi method, in line with Conducting and Reporting of Delphi Studies guidelines.

Staged surgically created type B aortic dissection model with endovascular reintervention for different morphological features.

Objectives: Understanding morphology and how this relates to treatment strategy is critical for achieving remodelling in aortic dissection. A controllable and reproducible large animal model is required for investigating new therapeutic devices and interventions.

Methods: Our experimental protocol involved the development of surgically created type B aortic dissection (TBAD) and endovascular reintervention-induced TBAD porcine models.

Female naïve human pluripotent stem cells carry X chromosomes with Xa-like and Xi-like folding conformations.

Three-dimensional (3D) genomics shows immense promise for studying X chromosome inactivation (XCI) by interrogating changes to the X chromosomes' 3D states. Here, we sought to characterize the 3D state of the X chromosome in naïve and primed human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Using chromatin tracing, we analyzed X chromosome folding conformations in these cells with megabase genomic resolution.

Aortic dissection: results of the invasive treatment in France between 2012 and 2018 according to the French national database.

Background: To evaluate results of the invasive repair in the management of acute aortic dissection (AoD) in France.

Methods: Patients admitted to hospital with acute AoD from 2012 to 2018 were identified. Patient demographics, severity score at admission, treatment strategy and in-hospital mortality were described.

Benefits of Prehabilitation before Complex Aortic Surgery.

The purpose of this narrative review was to detail and discuss the underlying principles and benefits of preoperative interventions addressing risk factors for perioperative adverse events in open aortic surgery (OAS). The term "complex aortic disease" encompasses juxta/pararenal aortic and thoraco-abdominal aneurysms, chronic aortic dissection and occlusive aorto-iliac pathology. Although endovascular surgery has been increasingly favored, OAS remains a durable option, but by necessity involves extensive surgical approaches and aortic cross-clamping and requires a trained multidisciplinary team.

Does surgical companionship modify the learning curve for fenestrated and branched endovascular aortic repair?

Objectives: The goal of this study was to describe the learning curve of an operator trained in an aortic centre during the first years of performing fenestrated/branched endovascular aortic repairs independently.

Methods: Patients electively treated with fenestrated/branched stent grafts from January 2013 to March 2020 were included retrospectively. Groups were defined according to the treating operator: experienced operator (group 1), early-career operator (group 2) or both during a 14-month surgical companionship period (group 3).

Evaluation of Arterial and Venous Allografts in Subinguinal Bypasses.

Background: Autologous saphenous vein is the preferred conduit for below-the-knee bypasses in patients with critical limb-threatening ischemia. Alternative graft must be considered for patients without (autologous saphenous vein). The aim of this article is to evaluate the mid-term performance of arterial allograft (AA) and venous allograft (VA) used as alternative conduits.

Do fluoroquinolones increase aortic aneurysm or dissection incidence and mortality? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the association between fluoroquinolones (FQs) use, the risk of aortic aneurysm or dissection (AAD), and the prognosis of patients with pre-existing AAD.

Materials And Methods: We searched PubMed, EMBASE, CENTRAL, Scopus, and Web of Science on 31 March 2022. Observational studies that evaluated the association of FQs with AAD risk in the general population or FQs with the prognosis of patients with preexisting AAD and presented adjusted effect estimates were included.

Dyslexia associated gene regulates cell cycle during human neuroepithelial cell development.

Dyslexia, also known as reading disability, is defined as difficulty processing written language in individuals with normal intellectual capacity and educational opportunity. The prevalence of dyslexia is between 5 and 17%, and the heritability ranges from 44 to 75%. Genetic linkage analysis and association studies have identified several genes and regulatory elements linked to dyslexia and reading ability.

Iliac branch device to treat type Ib endoleak with a brachial access or an "up-and-over" transfemoral technique.

Objective: In the present study, we reviewed the results of secondary iliac branch device (IBD) implantation for patients with a type Ib endoleak after prior fenestrated and/or branched (F/B) or infrarenal endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) using either brachial access or an "up-and-over" transfemoral technique.

Methods: We performed a retrospective, single-center analysis between January 2016 and October 2021 of consecutive patients who had undergone IBD to correct a type Ib endoleak after prior EVAR or F/B-EVAR. The groups were defined by arterial access, which was either brachial (group 1) or transfemoral (group 2).

Live isolation of naïve ESCs via distinct glucose metabolism and stored glycogen.

Naïve and primed pluripotent stem cells recapitulate the peri- and post-implantation development, respectively. Thus, investigation of distinct traits between each pluripotent stem cell type would shed light on early embryonic processes. Herein, by screening a fluorescent probe library, we found that intracellular glycogen led to specific reactivity to CDg4, a glycogen fluorescence sensor, in both human and mouse naïve embryonic stem cells (ESCs).

Expression of the transcription factor PU.1 induces the generation of microglia-like cells in human cortical organoids.

Microglia play a role in the emergence and preservation of a healthy brain microenvironment. Dysfunction of microglia has been associated with neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. Investigating the function of human microglia in health and disease has been challenging due to the limited models of the human brain available.

Intraoperative cone beam computed tomography to improve outcomes after infrarenal endovascular aortic repair.

Objective: We evaluated whether a combination of intraoperative contrast-enhanced cone beam computed tomography (ceCBCT) and postoperative contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) after infrarenal endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) could reduce late stent graft-related complications and, consequently, reintervention.

Methods: All consecutive patients who had received infrarenal bifurcated stent grafts in our hybrid room (IGS 730; GE Healthcare, Île-de-France, France) during two discrete periods were included in the present study. From November 2012 to September 2013, two-dimensional completion angiography was performed after each EVAR, followed by computed tomography angiography (CTA) before discharge (group 1).

Hybrid Room: Does it Offer Better Accuracy in the Proximal Deployment of Infrarenal Aortic Endograft?

Background: This work aims to evaluate the impact of hybrid rooms and their advanced tools on the accuracy of proximal deployment of infrarenal bifurcated endograft (EVAR).

Methods: A retrospective single center analysis was conducted between January 2015 and March 2019 including consecutive patients that underwent EVAR. Groups were defined whether the procedure was performed in a hybrid operating room (HOR group) or using a mobile 2D fluoroscopic imaging system (non-HOR group).

Implementing and evaluating standardised tuberculosis incident management for nonhousehold contacts in a large clinical network.

https://bit.ly/2Tq96LN.

Outcomes of Preventive Embolization of the Inferior Mesenteric Artery during Endovascular Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair.

Purpose: To evaluate the impact of preemptive inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) embolization on outcomes of endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair (EVAR).

Materials And Methods: From January 2015 to July 2017, all patients undergoing elective EVAR or fenestrated EVAR (F-EVAR) for asymptomatic AAA in a single tertiary hospital were retrospectively included. Three groups of patients were defined: patients with a patent IMA who underwent embolization during EVAR/F-EVAR (group 1), those with a patent IMA who did not undergo embolization during EVAR/F-EVAR (group 2), and those with a chronically occluded IMA (group 3).

Management of Type IA Endoleak After EVAR by Explantation or Custom Made Fenestrated Endovascular Aortic Aneurysm Repair.

Objective: Proximal type 1 endoleak after endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysmal repair (EVAR) remains challenging to solve with no existing consensus. This work aims to compare two different surgical strategies to remedy type IA endoleak: endograft explantation (EXP) and aortic reconstruction or relining by custom made fenestrated EVAR (F-EVAR).

Methods: A retrospective single centre analysis between 2009 and 2018 was conducted including patients treated for type IA endoleak after EVAR with either EXP or F-EVAR.

Cough-independent production of viable Mycobacterium tuberculosis in bioaerosol.

Background: Symptoms of infectious respiratory illnesses are often assumed to drive transmission. However, production and release of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) bioaerosols is poorly understood. We report quantitation of Mtb exhaled during specific respiratory manoeuvres.