Staphylococcus aureus from Atopic Dermatitis Patients: Its Genetic Structure and Susceptibility to Phototreatment.

We characterized the population of Staphylococcus aureus from patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) in terms of (i) genetic diversity, (ii) presence and functionality of genes encoding important virulence factors: staphylococcal enterotoxins (, , , ), toxic shock syndrome 1 toxin (-1), and Panton-Valentine leukocidin (/-) by spa typing, PCR, drug resistance profile determination, and Western blot. We then subjected the studied population of S. aureus to photoinactivation based on a light-activated compound called rose bengal (RB) to verify photoinactivation as an approach to effectively kill toxin-producing S.

Factors Determining the Susceptibility of Bacteria to Antibacterial Photodynamic Inactivation.

Photodynamic inactivation of microorganisms (aPDI) is an excellent method to destroy antibiotic-resistant microbial isolates. The use of an exogenous photosensitizer or irradiation of microbial cells already equipped with endogenous photosensitizers makes aPDI a convenient tool for treating the infections whenever technical light delivery is possible. Currently, aPDI research carried out on a vast repertoire of depending on the photosensitizer used, the target microorganism, and the light delivery system shows efficacy mostly on models.

Colonization With in Atopic Dermatitis Patients: Attempts to Reveal the Unknown.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) patients are massively colonized with () in lesional and non-lesional skin. A skin infection may become systemic if left untreated. Of interest, the incidence of multi-drug resistant (MRSA) in AD patients is higher as compared to a healthy population, which makes treatment even more challenging.

Validation of stable reference genes in Staphylococcus aureus to study gene expression under photodynamic treatment: a case study of SEB virulence factor analysis.

Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), encoded by the seb gene, is a virulence factor produced by Staphylococcus aureus that is involved mainly in food poisoning and is known to act as an aggravating factor in patients with atopic dermatitis. Research results in animal infection models support the concept that superantigens, including SEB contribute to sepsis and skin and soft tissue infections. In contrast to antibiotics, antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) is a promising method to combat both bacterial cells and virulence factors.

Photoinactivation of ESKAPE pathogens: overview of novel therapeutic strategy.

The emergence of antimicrobial drug resistance requires development of alternative therapeutic options. Multidrug-resistant strains of Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumanii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp.

Rose Bengal-Mediated Photoinactivation of Multidrug Resistant Is Enhanced in the Presence of Antimicrobial Peptides.

Due to the overuse of antibiotics in medicine and food production, and their targeted mechanism of action, an increasing rate in spreading of antibiotic resistance genes has been noticed. This results in inefficient therapy outcomes and higher mortality all over the world. (carbapenem-resistant) is considered one of the top three critical species according to the World Health Organization's priority pathogens list.