A simple method to estimate flow restriction for dual ventilation of dissimilar patients: The BathRC model.

Background: With large numbers of COVID-19 patients requiring mechanical ventilation and ventilators possibly being in short supply, in extremis two patients may have to share one ventilator. Careful matching of patient ventilation requirements is necessary. However, good matching is difficult to achieve as lung characteristics can have a wide range and may vary over time.

Structural characterization of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate Reductoisomerase from Vibrio vulnificus.

Vibrio vulnificus, a gram-negative bacterium, is the leading cause of seafood-borne illnesses and mortality in the United States. Previous studies have identified metabolites 2-C-methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) as being essential for V. vulnificus growth and function.

Circle (CO reabsorbing) breathing systems: Human applications.

Artificial breathing systems to help humans survive extreme environments are used over a range of ambient pressures, using various gases of different volumetric concentrations. These activities include anaesthesia and intensive care activity, high-altitude mountaineering, firefighting, aerospace extravehicular space activity and underwater diving operations. A circle breathing system is one in which the exhaled carbon dioxide is absorbed by an alkali substance and the remaining unused gases are recirculated, usually for the sake of economy and environment.

Gas flow between coaxial tubes: impedance to gas flow in an endotracheal tube increases with a catheter within.

The insertion of a suction catheter or a bronchoscope down an endotracheal tube increases the resistance to gas flow down the tube. The extent to which this occurs depends on the relative diameters of the endotracheal tube and the coaxially introduced catheter. This study utilises a laboratory model to quantify this effect, using a steady flow down an annulus between two tubes whose long axes lie co-axially.

The effect of prehospital time related variables on mortality following severe thoracic trauma.

Objectives: The aims of this study is firstly to analyse the impact of prehospital time related variables on mortality, in a specific subset of HEMS patients and secondly to demonstrate any interactions between time related variables and factors taking place in the prehospital setting.

Methods: Retrospective analysis of 688 consecutive London HEMS transfers with severe thoracic trauma and mean injury severity score (ISS) of 35, during a 9-year period (1994-2002). We have analysed the effect of the following time related variables on mortality: activation time, arrival on scene time (AoS), stay on scene time (SoS), total time (ToT), rush-hour time (RhT) and leisure-hour time (LhT).

Whole-body predictors of wrist shot accuracy in ice hockey: a kinematic analysis.

The purpose of this study was to identify joint angular kinematics that corresponds to shooting accuracy in the stationary ice hockey wrist shot. Twenty-four subjects participated in this study, each performing 10 successful shots on four shooting targets. An eight-camera infra-red motion capture system (240 Hz), along with passive reflective markers, was used to record motion of the joints, hockey stick, and puck throughout the performance of the wrist shot.

Patients' views of the consent process for adult cardiac surgery: questionnaire survey.

Objective: Consent for surgical procedures has assumed increasing importance in surgical practice in recent days especially following the public inquiry into paediatric cardiac surgery deaths at Bristol in the UK. This study examines patient perceptions and recollections following surgical consent as currently practised in a UK cardiac unit.

Methods: One hundred consecutive patients who underwent cardiac surgery in a London teaching hospital from January to February 2003 were studied.

The legacy of Bristol: public disclosure of individual surgeons' results.

Measurement of outcomes from medical or surgical interventions is part of good practice, but publication of individual doctors' results remains controversial. The authors discuss this issue in the context of cardiothoracic surgery

Emergency thoracotomy in the pre-hospital setting: a procedure requiring clarification.

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of Emergency Thoracotomy (ET) on mortality in a group of patients suffering from severe thoracic trauma requiring Helicopter Emergency Medical Service (HEMS) transfer to hospital. This is not clearly defined especially when thoracotomy takes place in the pre-hospital setting.

Methods: A retrospective review of 670 consecutive patients with severe thoracic trauma, transferred to The Royal London Hospital by HEMS between November 1994 and December 2002.

Role of transvalvular gradient in outcome from valve replacement for aortic stenosis.

Background: Despite limitations the transvalvular gradient (TVG) still is commonly used in aortic stenosis when patients are referred for aortic valve replacement. We wished to ascertain if it had a role in predicting outcome from valve replacement rather than as an indicator of severity, specifically investigating if the TVG affected renal dysfunction, hospital stay, and medium-term survival after valve replacement.

Methods: Six hundred and twenty-three consecutive patients who had aortic valve replacement were identified and 211 of these patients were isolated as first time replacement for aortic stenosis that formed the final study group, and were followed up for up to 48 months.

Prospective validity of measuring angina severity with Canadian Cardiovascular Society class: The ACRE study.

Background: Although the prevalence of angina remains high, the importance of grading angina severity is unclear.

Objectives: To determine the extent to which angina severity is associated with angiographic findings, and the rate of revascularization, mortality and nonfatal myocardial infarction.

Methods: Prospective, population-based study with a 2.

Ethnic differences in invasive management of coronary disease: prospective cohort study of patients undergoing angiography.

Objectives: To compare rates of revascularisation in south Asian and white patients undergoing coronary angiography in relation to the appropriateness of revascularisation and clinical outcome.

Design: Prospective cohort study of patients with two and a half years' follow up; appropriateness of revascularisation rated by nine experts with no knowledge of ethnicity of patient.

Setting: Tertiary cardiac centre in London with referral from five contiguous health authorities.

The effect of completeness of revascularization on event-free survival at one year in the ARTS trial.

Objectives: We sought to assess the relationship between completeness of revascularization and adverse events at one year in the ARTS (Arterial Revascularization Therapies Study) trial.

Background: There is uncertainty to what extent degree of completeness of revascularization, using up-to-date techniques, influences medium-term outcome.

Methods: After consensus between surgeon and cardiologist regarding the potential for equivalence in the completeness of revascularization, 1,205 patients with multivessel disease were randomly assigned to either bypass surgery or stent implantation.