Programmed Death-1 Ligand 2-Mediated Regulation of the PD-L1 to PD-1 Axis Is Essential for Establishing CD4(+) T Cell Immunity.

Many pathogens, including Plasmodium spp., exploit the interaction of programmed death-1 (PD-1) with PD-1-ligand-1 (PD-L1) to "deactivate" T cell functions, but the role of PD-L2 remains unclear. We studied malarial infections to understand the contribution of PD-L2 to immunity.

All-atom CHARMM force field and bulk properties of perfluorozinc phthalocyanines.

Classical force fields within the CHARMM parametrized model are developed for zinc phthalocyanines including the parent per-hydro molecule and per-fluoro-alkyl substituted derivatives. Partial atomic charges, 2-body bond lengths, and 3-body angle parameters were obtained from B3LYP-level density functional calculations. Force constants for 2-, 3-, and 4-body interactions were derived from existing fluoroalkane models and incorporated assuming transferability.