Adductor Tubercle Appears More Posterior on Radiographs of Knees With Trochlear Dysplasia.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the radiographic positions of commonly utilized landmarks for medial patellofemoral complex (MPFC) reconstruction between symptomatic and normal knees and to assess the influence of morphologic risk factors.

Methods: Three-dimensional models were created from the knees of patients with patellar instability and compared to control knees. On 3-dimensional models, the adductor tubercle, medial epicondyle, and gastrocnemius tubercle were marked.

Building a Simple and Versatile Illumination System for Optogenetic Experiments.

Controlling biological processes using light has increased the accuracy and speed with which researchers can manipulate many biological processes. Optical control allows for an unprecedented ability to dissect function and holds the potential for enabling novel genetic therapies. However, optogenetic experiments require adequate light sources with spatial, temporal, or intensity control, often a bottleneck for researchers.