Mitogenome of northern long-eared bat.

The complete mitogenome of the northern long-eared bat ( was determined to be 17,362 bp and contained 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes and one control region. The whole genome base composition was 33.8% GC.

Selective breeding for high endurance running increases hindlimb symmetry.

Comparative studies provide correlational evidence of morphological adaptations for high locomotor performance, such as the classical indicators of cursoriality in mammals, long limbs and high metatarsal/femur ratios. More recently, enlarged femoral condyles have been suggested as an adaptation for high endurance running in the genus Homo. Asymmetry of locomotor appendages should adversely affect locomotor abilities, but this has not been studied in a rigorous evolutionary context.

TESTING MACROEVOLUTIONARY HYPOTHESES WITH CLADISTIC ANALYSIS: EVIDENCE AGAINST RECTANGULAR EVOLUTION.

The properties of cladistic data sets from small monophyletic groups (6-12 species) are investigated using computer simulations of macroevolution. Two evolutionary models are simulated: gradualism and the punctuated-equilibrium hypothesis. Under the conditions of our simulations these two models of evolution make consistently different predictions about the distribution of autapomorphies among species.