From British Associationism to the Hippocampal Cognitive Map: A Personal View From a Ringside Seat at the Cognitive/PDP Revolution.

The mandate for this special issue of Hippocampus was to provide a few examples of one's own work in a relatively personal context. Accordingly, I will discuss some of my own work here, but will also provide a broader arc of ideas and discoveries within which the efforts of myself and many others have taken place. This history begins with the associationists, who proposed that the human mind could be understood, in part, as a compounding of simple associations between contiguously occurring items and events.

Systematic Review and Expert Consensus on the Use of Orthoses (Splints and Casts) with Adults and Children after Burn Injury to Determine Practice Guidelines.

The objective of this review was to systematically evaluate the available literature addressing the use of orthoses (splints and casts) with adult and pediatric burn survivors and determine whether practice guidelines could be proposed. This review provides evidence-based recommendations specifically for rehabilitation professionals who are responsible for burn survivor rehabilitation. A summary recommendation was made after the literature was retrieved using a systematic review and critical appraisal by multiple authors.

Development of a Best Evidence Statement for the Use of Pressure Therapy for Management of Hypertrophic Scarring.

Pressure therapy has been considered standard, first-line intervention for the treatment of hypertrophic scars since its introduction in the 1960s. Although widely used, this scar management technique has historically been based on a wide array of anecdotal evidence as opposed to strong scientific support. Evidence has become more prevalent in recent years, necessitating a synthesis to develop an evidence-based clinical guideline.

Practice guidelines for the application of nonsilicone or silicone gels and gel sheets after burn injury.

The objective of this review was to systematically evaluate available clinical evidence for the application of nonsilicone or silicone gels and gel sheets on hypertrophic scars and keloids after a burn injury so that practice guidelines could be proposed. This review provides evidence based recommendations, specifically for the rehabilitation interventions required for the treatment of aberrant wound healing after burn injury with gels or gel sheets. These guidelines are designed to assist all healthcare providers who are responsible for initiating and supporting scar management interventions prescribed for burn survivors.

Efficacy of the canine influenza virus H3N8 vaccine to decrease severity of clinical disease after cochallenge with canine influenza virus and Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus.

Since first emerging in the North American canine population in 2004, canine influenza virus (CIV) subtype H3N8 has shown horizontal transmission among dogs, with a high level of adaptation to this species. The severity of disease is variable, and coinfection by other respiratory pathogens is an important factor in the degree of morbidity and mortality. The first influenza vaccine for dogs, an inactivated vaccine containing CIV subtype H3N8, was conditionally approved by the U.

Lesions of the mammillary body region alter hippocampal movement signals and theta frequency: implications for path integration models.

Cells throughout the hippocampal formation are involved in processing spatial information. These same cells also show an influence of locomotor activity, and these movement signals are thought to be critical for the path integration abilities of these cells. Nuclei in the mammillary region provide ascending influences to the hippocampal formation and have been implicated in influencing both hippocampal spatial and theta signals.

Lesions of the mammillary body region severely disrupt the cortical head direction, but not place cell signal.

The rat limbic system contains a variety of location (place and grid) cells and directional (head direction; HD) cells, thought to be critical for navigation. The HD cells can be found throughout many portions of the hippocampal formation, as well as additional limbic cortical and subcortical regions. These HD-containing regions are generally strongly interconnected anatomically.

Stress-induced alterations in hippocampal plasticity, place cells, and spatial memory.

Acute, inescapable, and unpredictable stress can profoundly modify brain and cognition in humans and animals. The present study investigated the ensuing effects of 2-h variable "audiogenic" stress on three related levels of hippocampal functions in rats: long-term potentiation, place cell activity, and spatial memory. In agreement with prior findings, we observed that stress reduced the magnitude of Schaffer collateral/commissural-Cornu Ammonis field 1 long-term potentiation in vitro, and selectively impaired spatial memory on a hidden platform version of the Morris water maze task.

The effect of positioning devices and pressure therapy on outcome after full-thickness burns of the neck.

The postoperative management of full-thickness burns of the neck can be a challenge for burn therapists despite the availability of many treatment modalities to minimize scar hypertrophy and contracture. Interventions include pressure appliances, massage, exercise, and positioning devices. The objective of this study was to identify factors associated with the development of neck contractures and optimal treatment strategies for their prevention.

Leukocyte profile of cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus.

Animals acutely infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) exhibit transient immunosuppression as a result of the virus' predilection for cells that play critical roles in the host immune system. Acute BVDV infections have major effects on thymic and follicular T-lymphocytes, as well as follicular B-lymphocytes, often resulting in severe reduction in circulating numbers of lymphocytes and suppression of functional activities of these cells. Granulocytes and monocytes are equally susceptible to BVDV infections with reduction in numbers and suppression functions.

Subicular place cells generate the same "map" for different environments: comparison with hippocampal cells.

Since the initial discovery of place cells in the hippocampus proper, similar spatial firing has been observed in additional regions throughout the hippocampal formation. One such region is the subiculum. Here, most cells show a significant, consistent variation in rate relative to location.

Neuronal implementation of hippocampal-mediated spatial behavior: a comparative evolutionary perspective.

The hippocampal formation (HF) of mammals and birds plays a strikingly similar role in the representation of space. This evolutionarily conserved property, however, belies the contrasting spatial ecology of animals such as rats and homing pigeons, differing spatial ecologies that should have promoted the evolution of group-specific adaptations to the HF representation of space. However, the spatial response properties of pigeon and rat HF neurons reveal surprising similarity in the contribution of position, direction, and trajectory toward explaining spatial variation in firing rate.

Movement-related correlates of single cell activity in the interpeduncular nucleus and habenula of the rat during a pellet-chasing task.

The habenula and interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) are part of a dorsal diencephalic conduction system which receives input from cholinergic, striatal, and hypothalamic areas, and sends output to several, disparate midbrain regions. These output regions include the dorsal tegmental nucleus, which is part of a navigation-related system that provides a signal for directional heading. The habenula and IPN also project to the dorsal and medial Raphe nuclei, thought to be involved in mood and behavioral state regulation.

Movement-related correlates of single-cell activity in the medial mammillary nucleus of the rat during a pellet-chasing task.

Although the functional role of the mammillary bodies has remained obscure, lesion studies suggest this structure may play a role in memory-in particular, memory for spatial information. Indeed, anatomically, the mammillary bodies are strongly interconnected with limbic system regions, such as the hipppocampal formation, which are also thought to play a role in spatial behavior. Each of these limbic regions so far investigated contains cells that signal either the momentary location and/or directional heading of an animal as it travels through space.