Correlates of Perceived Social Support in Chinese Adult Child Caregivers of Parent Stroke Survivors.

Background: Prevalence of stroke and traditional filial responsibility involve adult children in caregiving to their parent stroke survivors in China. Support resources are insufficient because of the shrinking size of family and the underdeveloped support system.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify the correlates of perceived social support among adult child caregivers of parent stroke survivors in China.

The Relationship Between Mutuality and Health-Related Quality of Life in Adult Child Caregivers in China.

The strain inherent in caregiving relationships between adult children and aging parents is a prominent issue in contemporary China due to a combination of demographic and socioeconomic changes. The purpose of this study was to explore how mutuality, a positive quality of caregiving relationships, contributes to the physical health and mental health (health-related quality of life [HRQoL]) of adult child caregivers [ACCs] of parent stroke survivors. A cross-sectional correlational study was conducted on a nonproportional quota sample of 126 ACCs, using questionnaires of demographics, the 15-item Mutuality Scale, and the Second Version of the Standard 12-Item Health Survey (SF-12v2).

The Relationship Between Mutuality, Filial Piety, and Depression in Family Caregivers in China.

Purpose: Caregiving to parent stroke survivors in China is increasing and adult child-parent relationships are being challenged. The purpose of this study was to explore whether mutuality and filial piety have a protective role against caregiver depression.

Design: A cross-sectional correlational study was conducted with a nonproportional quota sample of 126 caregivers.

Care-related risk factors for hospital-acquired pressure ulcers in elderly adults with hip fracture.

Objectives: To identify care-related factors associated with hospital-acquired pressure ulcers (HAPUs).

Design: Prospective cohort study.

Setting: Nine hospitals in Baltimore Hip Studies network.

Clarifying and measuring filial concepts across five cultural groups.

Literature on responsibility of adult children for aging parents reflects lack of conceptual clarity. We examined filial concepts across five cultural groups: African-, Asian-, Euro-, Latino-, and Native Americans. Data were randomly divided for scale development (n = 285) and cross-validation (n = 284).

Development of a caregiver empowerment model to promote positive outcomes.

Family members caring for aging parents experience both negative and positive outcomes from providing care. Theoretical explanations for negative outcomes have been developed. There is need for models that explain and predict positive outcomes.

A bold adventure in innovation: an international off-campus master's degree program.

In response to the global shortage of nursing faculty, Loma Linda University School of Nursing offered an off-campus master's degree program to prepare nurse educators who would commit to remain in their home countries following graduation. The program was approved by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges to be offered in both English and Spanish. Students and faculty met for 1 month each year for 4 years at one of two international sites: Thailand or Argentina.

Use of pressure-redistributing support surfaces among elderly hip fracture patients across the continuum of care: adherence to pressure ulcer prevention guidelines.

Purpose: To estimate the frequency of use of pressure-redistributing support surfaces (PRSS) among hip fracture patients and to determine whether higher pressure ulcer risk is associated with greater PRSS use.

Design And Methods: Patients (n = 658) aged >or=65 years who had surgery for hip fracture were examined by research nurses at baseline and on alternating days for 21 days. Information on PRSS use and pressure ulcer risk factors was recorded at each assessment visit.

Pressure ulcers in elderly patients with hip fracture across the continuum of care.

Objectives: To identify care settings associated with greater pressure ulcer risk in elderly patients with hip fracture in the postfracture period.

Design: Prospective cohort study.

Setting: Nine hospitals that participate in the Baltimore Hip Studies network and 105 postacute facilities to which patients from these hospitals were discharged.

Validity of pressure ulcer diagnosis using digital photography.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity of digital photographs for the assessment of the presence of pressure ulcers stage 2 or higher. Participants were 48 patients (28 white and 20 black) with pressure ulcers identified in the course of a wound specialist's routine clinical practice at the University of Maryland Medical Center. One pressure ulcer and one unaffected skin area were photographed on each participating patient.

Assessing cross-cultural differences through use of multiple-group invariance analyses.

The use of structural equation modeling in cross-cultural personality research has become a popular method for testing measurement invariance. In this report, we present an example of testing measurement invariance using the Sense of Coherence Scale of Antonovsky (1993) in 3 ethnic groups: Chinese, Japanese, and Whites. In a series of increasingly restrictive constraints on the measurement models of the 3 groups, we demonstrate how to assess differences among the groups.

Transforming vulnerability.

Asian American immigrant women engaged in filial caregiving are at special risk for health problems due to complex contextual factors related to immigration, cultural traditions, and role transition. This study examines the experience of two groups of immigrant Asian American women who are caring for older parents. A total of 41 women (22 Chinese American and 19 Filipino American) were interviewed in a study based on Strauss and Corbin's grounded theory methodology.

Cultural differences in responses to a Likert scale.

Cultural differences in responses to a Likert scale were examined. Self-identified Chinese, Japanese, and Americans (N=136, 323, and 160, respectively) recruited at ethnic or general supermarkets in Southern California completed a 13-question Sense of Coherence scale with a choice of either four, five, or seven responses in either Chinese, Japanese, or English. The Japanese respondents more frequently reported difficulty with the scale, the Chinese more frequently skipped questions, and both these groups selected the midpoint more frequently on items that involved admitting to a positive emotion than did the Americans, who were more likely to indicate a positive emotion.

Caregiving between two cultures: an integrative experience.

In 1995, more than half of elderly immigrants to the United States were born in Asia or the Pacific region. The purpose of this study was to describe the process of caring for elderly parents by Asian American women. Forty-one women (22 Chinese American and 19 Filipino American) caring for elderly parents were interviewed in a study based on Strauss and Corbin's grounded theory methodology (1990).