HLA associated type 1 diabetes risk in children of Pakistani migrants to Norway.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from poorly defined interaction between susceptibility genes and environmental factors. The objective was to investigate Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA) associated T1D risk among Pakistani newborns in Norway based on what published globally. DNA samples from 189 newborns, whose parents were first generation migrants from Pakistan, were analyzed.

Patterns of diagnoses among children and young adults with life-limiting conditions: A secondary analysis of a national dataset.

Background: Numbers of children and young people with life-limiting conditions are rising, and increasing lifespans require young adults with life-limiting condition to transit to appropriate adult services.

Aim: To describe the prevalence of life-limiting condition in children and young adults by age, sex, diagnostic group, ethnicity and deprivation.

Design: A secondary analysis of the English Hospital Episode Statistics dataset was undertaken to calculate prevalence per 10,000 population.

Is fluoride a risk factor for bone cancer? Small area analysis of osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma diagnosed among 0-49-year-olds in Great Britain, 1980-2005.

Background: Artificial fluoridation of drinking water to improve dental health has long been a topic of controversy. Opponents of this public health measure have cited the possibility of bone cancer induction. The study objective was to examine whether increased risk of primary bone cancer was associated with living in areas with higher concentrations of fluoride in drinking water.

UK case control study of brain tumours in children, teenagers and young adults: a pilot study.

Background: Tumours of the central nervous system are the second most common group of childhood cancers in 0-14 year olds (24% of total cancers) and represent a major diagnostic group in 15-24 year olds. The pilot case-control study aimed to establish methodologies for a future comprehensive aetiological investigation among children and young adults.

Methods: Eligible cases were newly diagnosed with an intracranial tumour of neuroepithelial tissue aged 0-24 years.

Risk factors for congenital anomaly in a multiethnic birth cohort: an analysis of the Born in Bradford study.

Background: Congenital anomalies are a leading cause of infant death and disability and their incidence varies between ethnic groups in the UK. Rates of infant death are highest in children of Pakistani origin, and congenital anomalies are the most common cause of death in children younger than 12 in this ethnic group. We investigated the incidence of congenital anomalies in a large multiethnic birth cohort to identify the causes of the excess of congenital anomalies in this community.

Smoking addiction and the risk of upper-aerodigestive-tract cancer in a multicenter case-control study.

Although previous studies on tobacco and alcohol and the risk of upper-aerodigestive-tract (UADT) cancers have clearly shown dose-response relations with the frequency and duration of tobacco and alcohol, studies on addiction to tobacco smoking itself as a risk factor for UADT cancer have not been published, to our knowledge. The aim of this report is to assess whether smoking addiction is an independent risk factor or a refinement to smoking variables (intensity and duration) for UADT squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) risk in the multicenter case-control study (ARCAGE) in Western Europe. The analyses included 1,586 ever smoking UADT SCC cases and 1,260 ever smoking controls.

Effects of out-of-hours and winter admissions and number of patients per unit on mortality in pediatric intensive care.

Objective: To investigate the effect of out-of-hours and winter admissions, and unit size on risk adjusted mortality in pediatric intensive care.

Study Design: A national pediatric intensive care clinical audit provided data on over 86000 admissions to 29 pediatric intensive care units (2006-2011). Multivariate logistic regression modeled risk adjusted mortality prior to discharge with out-of-hours (night, weekend, public holiday) admissions, admissions per unit, winter admission, and potential confounders, overall and separately for emergency and planned admissions.

UK-born Pakistani-origin infants are relatively more adipose than white British infants: findings from 8704 mother-offspring pairs in the Born-in-Bradford prospective birth cohort.

Background: Previous studies have shown markedly lower birth weight among infants of South Asian origin compared with those of White European origin. Whether such differences mask greater adiposity in South Asian infants and whether they persist across generations in contemporary UK populations is unclear. Our aim was to compare birth weight, skinfold thickness and cord leptin between Pakistani and White British infants and to investigate the explanatory factors, including parental and grandparental birthplace.

Small-area analyses of bone cancer diagnosed in Great Britain provide clues to aetiology.

Background: The aetiology of bone cancers is poorly understood. This study examined geographical patterning in incidence of primary bone cancers diagnosed in 0-49 year olds in Great Britain during 1980-2005 to provide information on factors linked with disease development. We investigated putative associations with deprivation and population density.

Risk of upper aerodigestive tract cancer and type of alcoholic beverage: a European multicenter case-control study.

The general relationship between cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) and alcohol drinking is established. Nevertheless, it is uncertain whether different types of alcoholic beverages (wine, beer and liquor) carry different UADT cancer risks. Our study included 2,001 UADT cancer cases and 2,125 controls from 14 centres in 10 European countries.

Rising national prevalence of life-limiting conditions in children in England.

Background: Life-limiting conditions (LLCs) describe diseases with no reasonable hope of cure that will ultimately be fatal. For children with these diseases, palliative care services should be available but few data are available to estimate the burden of these conditions.

Methods: Children (0-19 years) with LLCs were identified within an English Hospital Episode Statistics dataset (2000/2001-2009/2010) by applying a customized coding framework of the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, disease codes.

Space-time clustering of childhood central nervous system tumours in Yorkshire, UK.

Background: We specifically tested the aetiological hypothesis that a factor influencing geographical or temporal heterogeneity of childhood central nervous system (CNS) tumour incidence was related to exposure to a transient environmental agent.

Methods: Information was extracted on individuals aged 0-14 years, diagnosed with a CNS tumour between the 1st January 1974 and 31st December 2006 from the Yorkshire Specialist Register of Cancer in Children and Young People. Ordnance Survey eight-digit grid references were allocated to each case with respect to addresses at the time of birth and the time of diagnosis, locating each address to within 0.

DNA-repair gene variants are associated with glioblastoma survival.

Patient outcome from glioma may be influenced by germline variation. Considering the importance of DNA repair in cancer biology as well as in response to treatment, we studied the relationship between 1458 SNPs, which captured the majority of the common genetic variation in 136 DNA repair genes, in 138 glioblastoma samples from Sweden and Denmark. We confirmed our findings in an independent cohort of 121 glioblastoma patients from the UK.

A cohort study of children and young people with progressive neuromuscular disorders: clinical and demographic profiles and changing patterns of referral for palliative care.

Background: Progressive neuromuscular disease in children is life limiting and these children and young people would benefit from palliative care services, but data are limited on the number and demography of these children.

Aim: To describe the clinical and demographic profile of children referred to a Children's hospice in the UK with progressive neuromuscular disease.

Setting/participants: All children and young people with progressive neuromuscular disorders referred to Martin House Children's Hospice between 1987 and 2010.

A novel approach to exploring potential interactions among single-nucleotide polymorphisms of inflammation genes in gliomagenesis: an exploratory case-only study.

Background: Despite extensive research on the topic, glioma etiology remains largely unknown. Exploration of potential interactions between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of immune genes is a promising new area of glioma research. The case-only study design is a powerful and efficient design for exploring possible multiplicative interactions between factors that are independent of one another.

Population attributable risk of tobacco and alcohol for upper aerodigestive tract cancer.

Tobacco and alcohol are major risk factors for upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) cancer and significant variation is observed in UADT cancer rates across Europe. We have estimated the proportion of UADT cancer burden explained by tobacco and alcohol and how this varies with the incidence rates across Europe, cancer sub-site, gender and age. This should help estimate the minimum residual burden of other risk factors to UADT cancer, including human papillomavirus.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus and components in drinking water and diet: a population-based, case-control study in Prince Edward Island, Canada.

Objective: To determine the relationship between the risk of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and daily intake of drinking water and dietary components, including nitrate, nitrite, and nitrosamines, during the year prior to diagnosis.

Methods: Controls (n = 105) were matched by age at diagnosis and sex to T1D cases (n = 57) newly diagnosed during 2001-2004. Food consumption was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire.

Occupation and risk of upper aerodigestive tract cancer: the ARCAGE study.

We investigated the association between occupational history and upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) cancer risk in the ARCAGE European case-control study. The study included 1,851 patients with incident cancer of the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx or esophagus and 1,949 controls. We estimated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for ever employment in 283 occupations and 172 industries, adjusting for smoking and alcohol.

Analysis of DNA repair gene polymorphisms and survival in low-grade and anaplastic gliomas.

The purpose of this study was to explore the variation in DNA repair genes in adults with WHO grade II and III gliomas and their relationship to patient survival. We analysed a total of 1,458 tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were selected to cover DNA repair genes, in 81 grade II and grade III gliomas samples, collected in Sweden and Denmark. The statistically significant genetic variants from the first dataset (P < 0.

Quantifying high dependency care: a prospective cohort study in Yorkshire (UK).

High dependency care (HDC) is a level of care situated between intensive care and usual ward care with its delivery being independent of location. Inadequate definition makes it problematic to determine the number of children receiving HDC, to identify their care setting and therefore to undertake service planning. We aimed to estimate the volume of hospital inpatient HDC in a geographically defined population using a customised measurement tool in four types of paediatric hospital services (1) tertiary specialist wards, (2) tertiary paediatric intensive care units, (3) district general hospitals (DGHs) general wards and (4) wards at a major acute general hospital.

Resource and outcome in paediatric diabetes services.

The availability of resource (staffing and services) in all 21 paediatric diabetes services in Yorkshire and Humber Strategic Health Authority, UK was surveyed and this information was combined with demographic and clinical data on 2683 children and young people with diabetes (aged 0-23 years) to assess whether level of resource was associated with glycaemic control (mean HbA1c %). Multilevel modelling and graphical techniques were used to analyse the relationship between resource and outcome for paediatric diabetes services. No services achieved all resource recommendations based on National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence guidelines, but there was no direct association between level of resource and glycaemic control after controlling for deprivation, age and duration of diabetes.

A genome-wide association study of upper aerodigestive tract cancers conducted within the INHANCE consortium.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been successful in identifying common genetic variation involved in susceptibility to etiologically complex disease. We conducted a GWAS to identify common genetic variation involved in susceptibility to upper aero-digestive tract (UADT) cancers. Genome-wide genotyping was carried out using the Illumina HumanHap300 beadchips in 2,091 UADT cancer cases and 3,513 controls from two large European multi-centre UADT cancer studies, as well as 4,821 generic controls.

Referral to a specialist paediatric palliative care service in oncology patients.

Cancer is the second most common cause of death in children and young people (0-19 years) accounting for 16.2% of deaths in England and Wales in 2005. Only 37.

Rising rates of all types of diabetes in south Asian and non-south Asian children and young people aged 0-29 years in West Yorkshire, U.K., 1991-2006.

Objective: To investigate incidence trends of all diabetes types in all children and young people and in the south Asian subpopulation.

Research Design And Methods: Annual incidence per 100,000 and time trends (1991-2006) were analyzed for 2,889 individuals aged 0-29 years diagnosed with diabetes while resident in West Yorkshire, U.K.