The left digit effect in an unbounded number line task.

The left digit effect in number line estimation refers to the phenomenon where numerals with similar magnitudes but different leftmost digits (e.g., 19 and 22) are estimated to be farther apart on a number line than is warranted.

Does instructional intervention reduce the left digit effect in number line estimation?

A robust left digit effect arises in number line estimation, whereby the leftmost digits of numerals have an undue influence on placements such that, for example, numbers like 298 are placed far to the left of numbers like 302. Past efforts to motivate more accurate performance using trial-by-trial and summary feedback have not led to a reduction in the left digit effect. In two experiments, we asked whether it is possible to reduce or eliminate the left digit effect in number line estimation through an instructional intervention in which one is explicitly taught about the left digit effect.

Modeling the left digit effect in adult number line estimation.

Number line estimation tasks are frequently used to study numerical cognition skills. In a typical version, the bounded number line task, target numerals must be placed on a bounded line labeled only at its endpoints (e.g.

Summary accuracy feedback and the left digit effect in number line estimation.

A robust left digit effect arises in number line estimation such that adults' estimates for numerals with different hundreds place digits but nearly identical magnitudes are systematically different from one another (e.g., 299 is placed too far to the left of 302).

Number line estimation and standardized test performance: The left digit effect does not predict SAT math score.

Introduction: Recent work reveals a new source of error in number line estimation (NLE), the left digit effect (Lai, Zax, et al., 2018), whereby numerals with different leftmost digits but similar magnitudes (e.g.

Developmental change in partition dependent resource allocation behavior.

Partition dependence, the tendency to distribute choices differently based on the way options are grouped, has important implications for decision making. This phenomenon, observed in adults across a variety of contexts such as allocating resources or making selections from a menu of items, can bias decision makers toward some choices and away from others. Only one study to date (Reichelson, Zax, Patalano, & Barth, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 72, 1029-1036, 2019) has investigated the developmental trajectory of this phenomenon.

Brief report on the relationship between temporal discount rate and error related negativity for immediate versus future choice options.

It is well documented that individuals vary in their economic patience - their willingness to choose delayed larger rewards (e.g., $100 in a month) over immediate smaller rewards (e.

Intuitive symbolic magnitude judgments and decision making under risk in adults.

Performance on an intuitive symbolic number skills task-namely the number line estimation task-has previously been found to predict value function curvature in decision making under risk, using a cumulative prospect theory (CPT) model. However there has been no evidence of a similar relationship with the probability weighting function. This is surprising given that both number line estimation and probability weighting can be construed as involving proportion judgment, that is, involving estimating a number on a bounded scale based on its proportional relationship to the whole.

Probability range and probability distortion in a gambling task.

In decision making under risk, adults tend to overestimate small and underestimate large probabilities (Tversky & Kahneman, 1992). This inverse S-shaped distortion pattern is similar to that observed in a wide variety of proportion judgment tasks (see Hollands & Dyre, 2000, for review). In proportion judgment tasks, distortion patterns tend not to be fixed but rather to depend on the reference points to which the targets are compared.

Suboptimality in perceptual decision making and beyond.

We concur with the authors' overall approach and suggest that their analysis should be taken even further. First, the same points apply to areas beyond perceptual decision making. Second, the same points apply beyond issues of optimality versus suboptimality.

Gratitude intervention modulates P3 amplitude in a temporal discounting task.

Gratitude has been shown to reduce economic impatience. In particular, individuals induced to experience heightened gratitude are more willing to choose delayed larger rewards over immediate smaller rewards (i.e.

Partition dependence in development: Are children's decisions shaped by the arbitrary grouping of options?

The grouping of options into arbitrary categories influences adults' decisions about allocating choices or resources among those options; this is called "partition dependence." Partition dependence has been demonstrated in a wide range of contexts in adults and is often presented as a technique for designing choice architectures that nudge people towards better decisions. Whether children also make partition dependent decisions is unknown, as are potential patterns of developmental change.

Chelant Enhanced Solution Processing for Wafer Scale Synthesis of Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Thin Films.

It is of paramount importance to improve the control over large area growth of high quality molybdenum disulfide (MoS) and other types of 2D dichalcogenides. Such atomically thin materials have great potential for use in electronics, and are thought to make possible the first real applications of spintronics. Here in, a facile and reproducible method of producing wafer scale atomically thin MoS layers has been developed using the incorporation of a chelating agent in a common organic solvent, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).

Partition dependence in consumer choice: Perceptual groupings do not reliably shape decisions.

The partitioning of options into arbitrary categories has been shown to influence decisions about allocating choices or resources among those options; this phenomenon is called partition dependence. While we do not call into question the validity of the partition dependence phenomenon in the present work, we do examine the robustness of one of the experimental paradigms reported by Fox, Ratner, and Lieb (Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 134, 538-551, 2005, Study 4). In three experiments (N = 300) conducted here, participants chose from a menu of perceptually partitioned options (varieties of candy distributed across bowls).

Phase Engineering of 2D Tin Sulfides.

Tin sulfides can exist in a variety of phases and polytypes due to the different oxidation states of Sn. A subset of these phases and polytypes take the form of layered 2D structures that give rise to a wide host of electronic and optical properties. Hence, achieving control over the phase, polytype, and thickness of tin sulfides is necessary to utilize this wide range of properties exhibited by the compound.

The role of numeracy and approximate number system acuity in predicting value and probability distortion.

It is well documented that individuals distort outcome values and probabilities when making choices from descriptions, and there is evidence of systematic individual differences in distortion. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between individual differences in such distortions and two measures of numerical competence, numeracy and approximate number system (ANS) acuity. Participants indicated certainty equivalents for a series of simple monetary gambles, and data were used to estimate individual-level value and probability distortion, using a cumulative prospect theory framework.

Tinea capitis in Campania, Italy: a 9-year retrospective study.

Aim: The present work was carried out to study the prevalence of Tinea capitis (TC) in Campania over a 9-year period and also to delineate the prevalence of the causative fungus responsible and the clinical forms of tinea capitis.

Methods: This retrospective study included all the cases of TC occurring between January 2004 and December 2012 to the Mycology Laboratory at the University of Naples "Federico II" and mycologically confirmed. Samples for potassium hydroxide 20% mounts and fungal cultures were collected.

Photodynamic chemotherapy in the treatment of superficial mycoses: an evidence-based evaluation.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a constantly evolving treatment modality consisted of a chemical reaction activated by light energy that is used to selectively destroy tissue; it may be considered a particular form of photochemotherapy that uses a photosensitizer, light and oxygen. The combination of the possibility of ablation of lesion with an excellence aesthetic result has allowed the photodynamic therapy an increasing role in the treatment of skin disease, that ranges from skin cancer to cosmetic treatment. Particular attention is paid in the last years to a developing area of research, the antifungal photodynamic therapy.

Confirmed efficacy of topical nifedipine in the treatment of facial wrinkles.

Introduction: Over the past two decades, there has been increasing demand for aesthetic procedures to reverse the effects of aging, particularly in the facial area. Recently, topical nifedipine has been proposed for its anti-wrinkle efficacy.

Objective: To confirm the anti-wrinkle efficacy of a 0.

Minimal-group membership influences children's responses to novel experience with group members.

Children, like adults, tend to prefer ingroup over outgroup individuals, but how this group bias affects children's processing of information about social groups is not well understood. In this study, 5- and 6-year-old children were assigned to artificial groups. They observed instances of ingroup and outgroup members behaving in either a positive (egalitarian) or a negative (stingy) manner.

Somatostatin receptor expression in adrenocortical tumors and effect of a new somatostatin analog SOM230 on hormone secretion in vitro and in ex vivo adrenal cells.

Background: Somatostatin is a widely distributed polypeptide that modulates endocrine and exocrine secretion, cell proliferation, and apoptosis by 5 somatostatin receptors (SSTR1-5). The inhibitory effects of somatostatin on tumor growth may be the result of its suppressing the synthesis and/or secretion of growth factors and growth-promoting hormones.

Aim: Very little information is available on the effect of somatostatin analogs on adrenal tumors, so we examined SSTR expression in adrenocortical tumors and studied the effect of a somatostatin analog (SOM230) on hormone secretion and cell viability in adrenal cells.

The aldosterone-renin ratio based on the plasma renin activity and the direct renin assay for diagnosing aldosterone-producing adenoma.

Background: The screening for primary aldosteronism is based on the aldosterone-renin ratio calculated with the plasma renin activity (PRA) value as denominator. A direct measurement of active renin (DRA) is being used as an alternative to PRA, but its diagnostic performance remains unclear.

Method: We, therefore compared, head-to-head, the aldosterone-renin ratio based on PRA with that based on DRA, at baseline and after captopril administration, for identifying aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) in 251 patients of the Primary Aldosteronism Prevalence in hYpertension Study (PAPY).

Within-patient reproducibility of the aldosterone: renin ratio in primary aldosteronism.

The plasma aldosterone concentration:renin ratio (ARR) is widely used for the screening of primary aldosteronism, but its reproducibility is unknown. We, therefore, investigated the within-patient reproducibility of the ARR in a prospective multicenter study of consecutive hypertensive patients referred to specialized centers for hypertension in Italy. After the patients were carefully prepared from the pharmacological standpoint, the ARR was determined at baseline in 1136 patients and repeated after, on average, 4 weeks in the patients who had initially an ARR > or =40 and in 1 of every 4 of those with an ARR <40.

Genetics of adrenal tumors.

The impact of genetics and genomics on clinical medicine is becoming more and more important. Endocrinology pioneered the development of molecular medicine, but also the study of adrenal tumors had a great impact in this field. Particularly important was the detection of genetics of tumors derived from the adrenal medulla, as well as that of those derived from the sympathetic and parasympathetic paraganglia.