Shallow Shadows: Expectation Estimation Using Low-Depth Random Clifford Circuits.

We provide practical and powerful schemes for learning properties of a quantum state using a small number of measurements. Specifically, we present a randomized measurement scheme modulated by the depth of a random quantum circuit in one spatial dimension. This scheme interpolates between two known classical shadows schemes based on random Pauli measurements and random Clifford measurements.

Estimating Outcome Probabilities of Quantum Circuits Using Quasiprobabilities.

We present a method for estimating the probabilities of outcomes of a quantum circuit using Monte Carlo sampling techniques applied to a quasiprobability representation. Our estimate converges to the true quantum probability at a rate determined by the total negativity in the circuit, using a measure of negativity based on the 1-norm of the quasiprobability. If the negativity grows at most polynomially in the size of the circuit, our estimator converges efficiently.

Lack of relation of oral clefts to diazepam use during pregnancy.

The hypothesis that in utero exposure to diazepam increases the risk of oral-cleft anomalies was evaluated in a case-control study, in which 445 infants with cleft lip with or without cleft palate and 166 with cleft palate without cleft lip (cleft palate alone) were compared with 2498 control infants having other birth defects. For exposure to diazepam during lunar months 1 through 4 relative to no exposure during pregnancy, the estimated relative risks were 1.0 for cleft lip with or without cleft palate (95 per cent confidence interval, 0.

Severe cardiac and ophthalmologic malformations in an infant exposed to diphenylhydantoin in utero.

A newborn male infant with multiple congenital malformations including lethal cardiac malformations and severe ophthalmic malformations is described. The infant was exposed in utero to hydantoin. There is no other identifiable cause for the malformations apparent in the infant's or his family's history.

Ectrodactyly, cleft lip and palate in two half sibs.

Two half sibs with bilateral complete cleft lip and complete cleft of the palate associated with ectrodactyly of the hands and feet, born to the same phenotypically normal mother, are reported. The younger of the two sibs also has dominantly inherited tremors (also referred to as essential heredofamilial tremors) as did her biological father. Possible genetic causes to explain the recurrence of the facial and limb malformations in the half sibs with additional central nervous system malformations in the younger sib are discussed.

Waardenburg's syndrome: variations in expressivity.

Twenty-seven subjects with a family history of Waardenburg's syndrome were examined with respect to 18 specific characteristics of the syndrome, with particular emphasis in identifying the spectrum of the phenotypic expression of affected persons. Our results indicate that patients with the syndrome may have a variety of clinical signs, and an accurate diagnosis will therefore depend on a thorough and pertinent family history and physical examination.

The prevalence of congenital heart disease among the population of a metropolitan cleft lip and palate clinic.

The entire infant population of the Tufts-New England Medical Center Cleft Palate Clinic was reviewed, and the prevalence rates of congenital cardiac anomalies were calculated. The overall prevalence rate of congenital heart disease among the facial cleft clinic population was 6.7%, with a prevalence rate of 9.

The effects of pharyngeal flap surgery on laternal pharyngeal wall motion: a videoradiographic evaluation.

Twenty patients undergoing pharyngeal flap surgery to correct velopharyngeal incompetence were studied by speech videofluoroscopy pre- and postoperatively to determine the effects of the surgical procedure on lateral pharyngeal wall motion. Within the limits of clinical judgment and for purposes of surgical planning, the motion was not altered. The implications of this are discussed.

Management of infants with Robin anomaly.

Congenital micrognathia and secondary glossoptosis, with or without cleft palate, constitute the Robin anomaly. Neonates with this condition are usually at great risk for life-threatening respiratory and feeding problems. The approach to the management of infants with this condition has included, in order of increasing complexity, positioning of the patient, surgical tongue-lip adhesion and tracheostomy.

A family with the popliteal pterygium syndrome.

A family with the Popliteal Pterygium Syndrome is presented. The father was born with a cleft of the palate and lower lip pits. Two of the three offspring showed extensive involvement of the palate, gums, and lips with minimal involvement of the lower limbs, genitalia, and nails.

Hypotelorism, nasomaxillary-hypoplasia and cleft lip and palate in a patient with normocephaly and normal intelligence--a case report.

A patient with hypotelorism, nasomaxillary hypoplasia and cleft lip and palate is presented. The absence of an associated intracranial abnormality, mental retardation or seizures places this patient in a separate category from those described by deMyer. Her intelligence is above normal but at four years of age, she is having psychological problems and difficulties interacting with her peers.

Simplified method of feeding infants born with cleft palate with or without cleft lip.

Most infants born with a cleft palate with or without cleft lip are undergrown and have histories of difficult feeding. For the past two years, all of the infants born with isolated cleft palate with or without cleft lip, referred to the Boston Floating Cleft Palate Clinic, were fed using a simplified method. A standard nipple that was cross cut and a standard glass baby bottle were used.

Developmental abnormalities associated with long arm deletion of chromosome No. 6.

A patient is reported who had a partial terminal deletion of the long arm of chromosome No. 6. His clinical findings included development delay, failure to thrive, neurologic abnormalities, and multiple congenital malformations.

Bilateral absence of the kidneys and ureters. Three cases reported in one family.

Three infant boys with bilateral absence of the kidneys and hypoplasia of the lungs are described. Two of the infants were brothers and the third was a first cousin. They were born to 2 sisters whose husbancs were unrelated to their wives and to each other.

Teratogenesis.

In this presentation the scope of the problem of teratogenesis and the essentials of teratology are briefly reviewed. The teratogenicity of any compound is a reflection of a complex interaction of the compound with both the maternal and fetal tissues, the genetic background of the fetus, and the time sequence of gestational events. Under such circumstances the implication of a single compound as a teratogen is difficult, a fact reflected in the high percentage of congenital morphologic abnormalities for which no cause can be ascribed.

Hallux syndactyly--ulnar polydactyly--abnormal ear lobes: a new syndrome.

A new syndrome is described. Its distinguishing features are hallux syndactyly, ulnar polydactyly and abnormal earlobes with other roentgenographic abnormalities along the medial border of the foot. It is inherited as an autosomal dominant.