The evidence base for the acellular dermal matrix AlloDerm: a systematic review.

Background: Many decellularized dermal matrices are available with various applications, all with slight differences. AlloDerm appears to have the greatest presence in the literature. The purpose of this systematic review is to provide an overview of the experience with AlloDerm, stratified by clinical indication.

Ecologically relevant stressors modify long-term memory formation in a model system.

Stress can alter adaptive behaviours, and as well either enhance or diminish learning, memory formation and/or memory recall. We focus attention on how environmentally relevant stressors (e.g.

A clash of stressors and LTM formation.

Stress alters long-term memory formation sometimes enhancing its formation whilst at other times blocking it. It is unclear what the causal mechanisms are that allow stress to either enhance or suppress memory. We have made use of a relatively simple invertebrate model system to attempt to explore the causal mechanisms of how stress alters memory.

Crowding, an environmental stressor, blocks long-term memory formation in Lymnaea.

Crowding is an environmental stressor. We found that this stressor altered (i.e.

The perception of stress alters adaptive behaviours in Lymnaea stagnalis.

Stress can alter adaptive behaviours, and as well either enhance or diminish learning, memory formation and/or memory recall. We show here that two different stressors have the ability to alter such behaviours in our model system, Lymnaea stagnalis. One, a naturally occurring stressor - the scent of a predator (crayfish) - and the other an artificially controlled one - 25 mmol l(-1) KCl - significantly alter adaptive behaviours.

One-trial conditioning of aerial respiratory behaviour in Lymnaea stagnalis.

Repeated spaced training sessions of contingent tactile stimulation to the pneumostome as it opens are required to cause long-term memory (LTM) formation of aerial respiratory behaviour making if difficult to determine exactly when memory forms. We have devised a single-trial aversive operant conditioning training procedure in Lymnaea to be better able to elucidate the causal mechanisms of LTM formation. Observations of baseline breathing behaviour in hypoxia were first made.

Stressful stimuli modulate memory formation in Lymnaea stagnalis.

Stress has been shown to be a strong modulator of learning and memory in animals. We employ operant training of aerial respiratory behaviour in our model system, the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis, to show that application of an acute consistent physical stressor enhances memory formation. A single 30 min operant conditioning training session, which normally results in intermediate-term memory (ITM) persisting 3h, results in long-term memory (LTM) persisting 24h if immediately preceded or followed by a stressor, for example a 30s exposure to 25 mM KCl.